The Immune System in Cancer Pathogenesis: Potential Therapeutic Approaches

Figure 3

Immunotherapies in cancer. Several FDA approved immunotherapies have been approved in the market to prevent or control cancer progression [1]. On APCs (such as B cells), monoclonal antibodies targeting CD20 (Rituximab) results in downregulation of B cell activity [62]. Other antigen-presenting cells (macrophages and dendritic cells) are also activated by Imiquimod, a small molecule agonist for TLR7 [1]. For activation of T cells Keytruda (monoclonal antibody targeting PD-L1- PD-1 interaction) and Ipilimumab (antibody against CTLA4) are approved and in clinical use [1, 39]. Recombinant cytokines such as Proleukin (IL-2), Leukine (GM-CSF), and Filgrastim (G-CSF) are approved for stimulation/activation of T cells, myeloid cells, and neutrophils, respectively [1, 67].