Chemical Evaluation of Trace Elements in Bottled Water
Table 4
Association between chemical parameters (as per IBWA guideline), volume of bottled water, and season.
Sn
Micronutrient
Volume (L)
Monsoon season
Postmonsoon season
Permissible value as per IBWA guideline
M ± SD
D
A
M ± SD
D
A
1
Residual chlorine
1
NA
NA
0.1
20
2
Chloride
1
7.96 ± 3.19
25
25
6.34 ± 2.75
25
25
250
20
7.7 ± 3.33
25
25
8.05 ± 3.41
25
25
3
Total hardness (as CaCO3)
1
14.82 ± 8.71
25
NA
15.06 ± 8.61
25
NA
NA
20
15.20 ± 8.50
25
13.73 ± 8.75
25
4
Calcium (as CaCO3)
1
2.9 ± 1.41
25
NA
3.58 ± 1.46
25
NA
NA
20
3.54 ± 1.8
25
3.01 ± 1.49
25
5
Magnesium (as CaCO3)
1
10.86 ± 8.21
25
NA
11.18 ± 7.6
25
NA
NA
20
11.86 ± 8.45
25
11.8 ± 7.84
25
6
Iron
1
0.0037 ± 0.002
22
25
0.0028 ± 0.0017
24
25
0.3
20
0.003 ± 0.0011
22
25
0.0033 ± 0.0017
23
25
7
Zinc
1
25
25
5
20
25
25
8
Silver
1
NA
NA
0.025
20
9
Copper
1
0.0084 ± 0.0107
25
25
0.0073 ± 0.0107
24
25
1
20
0.0105 ± 0.0106
24
25
0.0101 ± 0.0142
24
25
10
Cadmium
1
25
25
0.005
20
25
25
11
Cobalt
1
0.0283 ± 0.0106
25
NA
0.0184 ± 0.0119
25
NA
NA
20
0.0272 ± 0.0153
25
0.267 ± 0.0106
25
12
Nickel
1
0.0089 ± 0.0086
8
NA
0.0079 ± 0.0094
8
NA
NA
20
0.0076 ± 0.0079
10
0.0088 ± 0.0086
8
13
Lead
1
25
25
0.005
20
25
25
14
Fluoride
1
0.047 ± 0.01426
25
25
0.049 ± 0.016
25
25
3
20
0.046 ± 0.0159
24
25
0.048 ± 0.129
25
25
15
Sodium
1
12.36 ± 13.35
25
NA
14.92 ± 9.47
25
NA
NA
20
12.83 ± 10.39
25
10.5 ± 10.18
25
16
Potassium
1
0.7 ± 0.08
2
NA
0.99 ± 0.31
5
NA
NA
20
2.68 ± 3.36
7
0.45 ± 0.37
5
NA: value not available in guideline; M: mean; -: BDL; SD: standard deviation; A: acceptability; D: no. of water samples in which elements were detected.
