Risky Alcohol Consumption and Heavy Episodic Drinking among Parents in Germany: Results of a Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study

Table 1

Sample characteristics, mothers, and fathers (aged 18+), GEDA 2009/2010/2012, n = 16,224.

	Mothers			Fathers
	n	%	%^a	n	%	%^a
Age group
18–29	852	8.7	11.2	272	4.3	5.3
30–39	3,696	37.6	40.6	1,854	29.0	32.0
40–49	4,561	46.4	41.4	3,256	50.9	47.5
50+	722	7.3	6.8	1,011	15.8	15.2
Missing	0	—	—	0	—	—
Education^b
Low	1,373	14.0	22.1	1,248	19.5	30.9
Middle	5,839	59.4	59.7	2,762	43.2	45.4
High	2,611	26.6	18.2	2,380	37.2	23.7
Missing	8	0.1	—	3	0.0	—
Income^c
Low	1,292	13.1	16.2	532	8.3	12.7
Middle	6,843	69.6	69.5	4,333	67.8	70.1
High	1,696	17.3	14.2	1,528	23.9	17.2
Missing	0	—	—	0	—	—
Employment status
Nonemployed	2,443	24.8	29.2	344	5.4	7.3
Part time	5,309	54.0	52.1	385	6.0	5.9
Full time	2,044	20.8	18.7	5,652	88.4	86.8
Missing	35	0.4	—	12	0.2	—
Experienced unemployment^d
No	8,737	88.9	86.9	6,097	95.4	93.5
Yes	1,083	11.0	13.1	282	4.4	6.5
Missing	11	0.2	—	14	0.2	—
Migration background
No	7,937	80.7	79.2	5,248	82.1	80.1
Yes	1,588	16.2	20.8	915	14.3	19.9
Missing	306	3.1	—	230	3.6	—
Living with partner
No	2,076	21.1	14.3	253	4.0	2.5
Yes	7,739	78.7	85.7	6,135	96.0	97.5
Missing	16	0.2	—	5	0.1	—
Children in household
1	4,590	46.7	47.1	2,881	45.1	46.8
2	4,060	41.3	39.7	2,746	43.0	41.2
3+	1,181	12.0	13.2	766	12.0	12.0
Missing	0	—	—	0	—	—
Age of the youngest child
0–6	4,109	41.8	43.9	2,722	42.6	42.7
7–13	3,868	39.3	37.1	2,445	38.2	37.0
14–17	1,854	18.9	18.9	1,226	19.2	20.3
Missing	0	—	—	0	—	—
Risky alcohol consumption^e
No	7,788	79.2	81.6	4,450	69.6	70.4
Yes	1,977	20.1	18.4	1,913	29.9	29.6
Missing	66	0.7	—	30	0.5	—
Heavy episodic drinking^f
No	8,943	91.0	91.6	5,012	78.4	79.0
Yes	858	8.7	8.4	1,369	21.4	21.0
Missing	30	0.3	—	12	0.2	—
Study
GEDA09	3,763	38.3	38.8	2,115	33.1	33.6
GEDA10	3,836	39.0	38.8	2,271	35.5	35.1
GEDA12	2,232	22.7	22.3	2,007	31.4	31.3

^aweighted by sex, age, federal state, and education for the German population on 31 December 2011 (without missing values); ^baccording to the CASMIN classification; ^cnet equivalent income compared to the median net equivalent income (low: under 60%, middle: 60–150%, and high: >150%); ^d12 months or more in the last 5 years; ^eAUDIT-C score (mothers: ≥4; fathers: ≥5); ^f≥6 alcoholic drinks on a single occasion at least once a month.