Optimization of Liquid Fuel Production from Microwave Pyrolysis of Used Tyres

Table 4

Physiochemical properties of tyre pyrolysis oil (TPO) compared to commercial diesel, WTPO, and WPPO according to Hariram et al. [12].

Properties	Units	Commercial diesel	WTPO	WPPO	Testing methods for diesel, WTPO, & WPPO	TPO	Testing method for TPO
Gross calorific value	MJ/kg	43.9	42.7	39.45	IS:1448 P:6	48.99	ASTM D2015
Kinematic viscosity, @ 40°C	cSt	2.1	3.4	2.2	IS:1448 P:25	3.07	AOAC
Flash point	°C	5 2	4 6	4 4	IS:1448 P:20	61	ASTM D2015
Fire point	°C	5 7	5 3	4 7	IS:1448 P:20	65	ASTM D2015
Density @ 15 °C	kg/m^3	832	936	837.5	IS:1448 P:16	910	AOAC
Cetane index	—	46.4	5 5	6 8	IS:1448 P:9	—	—
Carbon residue	%	0.37	2.21	72.79	IS:1448 P:122	0.75	ASTM D2015
Sulphur content	%	0.047	0.99	0.034	IS:1448 P:33	0.08	AOAC
Ash content	%	0.01	0.33	0.0003	IS:1448 P:126	1.9	AOAC