Innovation of Shear Connectors in Slim Floor Beam Construction

Table 2

Summary of studies on shear connectors in slim floor construction conducted using push-out test.

No.	Author and year	Type of shear connectors	Methods	Parameters considered	Conclusion
1	[54]	Lying shear stud	Experimental and numerical	Shear stud lying in the middle	Loading capacity was dependent on failure concrete modes: the concrete splitting and pull-out of the headed stud from the concrete slab.
				Shear stud lying in the edge
2	[29]	Web opening	Experimental and analytical	Spacing	Using a shear stud or tie bar improves the shear resistance. It enhances the slip behaviour and ductility, and shear capacity increases with larger web opening diameter and higher concrete strengths.
		Tie bars		Tie (number of tie bars)
		Headed shear stud		Ducts
		Ducts
3	[64]	Web opening	Experimental and analytical	Web opening	Tie bar and shear stud showed a unique composite behaviour that increased the ductility, slip capacity, and shear strength in both flexure and push-out tests.
		Tie bars		Web opening with tie bar	Plastic moment capacity increased 1.5 times
		Headed shear stud			Failure mode was ductile when the tie bar was used.
		Ducts
4	[63]	Web opening	Analytical	Spacing.	The behaviour of the shear connectors in push-out tests is different from the flexural bending. The shear capacity could be influenced by the position of the plastic neutral axis.
		Tie bars		Tie (number of tie bars).
		Headed shear stud		Ducts.
		Ducts
5	[32]	Headed shear stud	Experimental and numerical	Headed studs.	The shear stud welded to the web with the concrete confinement increases the load capacity of steel-concrete connections. The high strength of concrete reduces the influence of the shear stud strength.
				Concrete strengths.
6	[2]	Web opening	Numerical	Concrete strength and yield stress of steel. Geometrical features (shaping, size, steel dowel shape, the thickness of steel web, the diameter of tie bar.	The loading capacity of the shear connectors depends on the size of the concrete infill. Adding the tie bar led to a significant ductility behaviour with sufficient slipping capacity.
		Web opening and tie rebar
7	[87]	Hollow steel tube	Experimental and analytical	The shape of the hollow tube	The shear strength of the HST shear connection was recorded higher than the stud connectors. The square HST and circle carried a shear load approximately three times higher than SC. The ductile behaviour of the shear stud is higher than that of HST shear connectors.
				Strength of concrete
				Size of the hollow tube
8	[77]	Web opening	Experimental and analytical	The shape of the opening	The square opening increased the shear strength of the connector. A higher compression and tension strength for the infill concrete leads to overall higher shear resistance. The square shape’s shear resistance improved by utilising the whole width of the steel. In the case of the circle opening, approximately 75% of its diameter was effective.
				Steel beam thickness.
				The opening size.
				Spacing and numbers of openings.