Review Article

Effect of Insulin on Proximal Tubules Handling of Glucose: A Systematic Review

Figure 2

(a) Insulin effect on renal proximal tubule cells. (b) Diabetes, hyperinsulinaemia, and insulin resistance impact on renal proximal tubule cells. Grey arrows = flux; black continuous arrows = stimulatory effect; black interrupted arrows = inhibitory effect; thicker arrows = increased activity. I: insulin; GLU: glucose; ROS: reactive oxygen species; NHE3: Na+H+ exchanger type 3; NKA: Na+K+ATPase; IRecs: insulin receptors; IRS: insulin receptor substrate proteins; NF-κB: nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; TNFα: tumor necrosis factor alpha; IL-6 and IL-10: interleukins. ?Scanty or conflicting data; //reduced effect; enhanced in animal models but conflicting human data; enhanced in murine models but reduced in cultures; §temporal dual action according to exposition (short time = stimulatory and sustained = inhibitory); #total NKA function increased despite inhibitory GLU effect and mitochondrial dysfunction.
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