Higher Concentrations of BCAAs and 3-HIB Are Associated with Insulin Resistance in the Transition from Gestational Diabetes to Type 2 Diabetes
Table 1
Anthropometry, blood pressure (BP), clinical blood measurements, and self-reported lifestyle data at follow-up 6 years after GDM pregnancy.
Variable
NGT
IGT
T2DM
(BMI adjusted)
n
Mean
SD
n
Mean
SD
n
Mean
SD
IGT versus NGT
T2D versus NGT
T2D versus IGT
IGT versus NGT
T2D versus NGT
T2D versus IGT
Anthropometry and blood pressure
BMI (kg/m2)
139
26.1
4.8
46
29.4
4.5
44
29.1
5.8
<0.001
0.002
BMI change (kg/m2)
139
−0.4
3.0
46
1.8
3.1
44
−0.4
3.5
<0.001
0.003
0.001
Waist (cm)
137
87.5
10.8
45
94.2
16.2
44
94.6
14.5
0.007
0.004
Hip (cm)
137
102.3
9.7
45
108.4
9.1
44
107.1
11.8
0.002
0.02
Waist : hip ratio
137
0.9
0.1
45
0.9
0.1
44
0.9
0.1
Body fat (%)
59
32.9
7.9
16
40.5
6.6
12
38.5
13.2
0.007
Fat mass (kg)
59
23.4
9.5
16
32.3
10.7
12
31.8
15.8
0.01
0.04
Fat-free mass (kg)
59
45.6
5.4
16
46.0
6.7
12
45.9
6.0
BP systolic (mmHg)
138
113.9
12.8
46
122.9
14.0
44
119.2
14.2
<0.001
0.02
BP diastolic (mmHg)
138
74.9
9.6
46
78.6
9.8
44
78.1
10.6
Clinical blood measurements
b-HbA1c (mmol/mol)
139
37.1
3.7
45
38.4
3.8
44
52.6
18.8
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
p-glucose fasting (mM)
138
5.4
0.4
43
6.1
0.4
44
8.2
3.5
0.02
<0.001
<0.001
0.02
<0.001
<0.001
p-glucose 2 h (mM)
128
5.5
1.1
42
7.8
1.6
12
11.8
3.9
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
s-insulin fasting (mU/L)
134
8.0
4.2
43
14.4
9.5
44
12.8
7.4
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
0.003
s-insulin 2 h (mU/L)
121
44.7
37.7
40
87.1
57.1
12
85.3
58.4
<0.001
0.008
<0.001
0.01
HOMA-IR
133
1.9
1.0
43
3.8
2.7
43
4.9
3.4
<0.001
<0.001
0.04
<0.001
<0.001
0.004
s-total cholesterol (mM)
137
4.7
0.8
45
4.7
0.8
43
4.7
0.7
s-HDL (mM)
138
1.5
0.3
45
1.3
0.3
44
1.4
0.4
0.001
0.04
0.04
s-LDL (mM)
138
2.9
0.8
45
3.1
0.7
44
3.0
0.6
s-triglycerides (mM)
137
0.9
0.5
45
1.2
0.5
44
1.4
1.4
<0.001
0.002
s-leptin (mg/L)
134
18.2
11.8
42
29.3
12.9
44
24.4
22.4
<0.001
0.04
0.03
s-adiponectin (ug/L)
137
17.8
14.5
41
18.1
15.9
44
14.2
12.9
Leptin : adiponectin 10−3
137
1.86
1.95
41
2.83
2.52
44
3.51
3.67
0.001
0.02
s-C-reactive protein (mg/L)
137
2.1
3.6
43
3.1
3.1
44
5.5
8.2
<0.001
0.008
0.007
p-free fatty acids (mM)
138
0.43
0.18
41
0.56
0.20
44
0.59
0.22
0.001
<0.001
0.001
<0.001
ADIPO-IR (mM·pM)
134
24.1
17.6
40
53.6
38.2
44
55.7
40.5
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
Questionnaires
Physical activity
120
4.0
1.1
38
3.3
1.0
34
3.4
1.3
0.008
0.02
0.009
0.02
Energy intake (kcal)
88
2390
561
31
2366
735
17
2258
610
Protein intake (g/kg)
88
1.4
0.4
31
1.2
0.4
17
1.4
0.5
Fat intake (g/kg)
88
1.6
0.5
31
1.3
0.4
17
1.5
0.5
Carbohydrate intake (g/kg)
88
3.7
1.2
31
3.2
1.3
17
3.4
1.3
The women were divided into glucose tolerance groups based on follow-up OGTT. Statistical analyses were done with ANOVA () and ANCOVA (BMI-adjusted ). BMI change refers to change from start of pregnancy to follow-up. Macronutrient intake expressed as g/kg body weight. b, whole blood; p, plasma; s, serum.
