Review Article

Risk Evaluation of Pyrolyzed Biochar from Multiple Wastes

Table 2

Biochar functional group changes from varied feedstock and pyrolysis temperature.

FeedstockPyrolysis temp. (°C)Heat rate (°C/min)Yield (%)pHC (%)H (%)N (%)O (%)Ash (%)H/CO/CC/N(O + N)/CSurface area (m2/g)Pore volume (cm3/g)Reference

Bamboo6009.810.3316563.90.035[31]
Bamboo7509.586014.94.511.90.21186907.4[23]
Beech wood4008.487.72.980.66.12.665.47[32]
Broiler litter35045.644.518.3600[33]
700461.422.827.4940.018
Corn cob77.323.162.0210.726.19[34]
Corn straw6001068.285.90.411.1340.04[35]
8001072.879.40.2510.1610.036
Cottonseed hull20083.451.960.640.53.1[36]
35036.8774.531.915.75.74.7
50028.987.52.821.57.67.90
65025.4911.261.65.98.334
80024.2900.61.979.2322
Dairy manure2007.6331.13.422.781.9[37]
Dairy manure3509.9825.21.672.225.61
Eucalyptus salinga trees4505–108.6467.40.5219157.2[38]
5505–109.9673.190.62228.367.5
Green waste7009.851.90.5945.788303[39]
Hickory chips6002084.71.830.311.3256[40]
Maize straw3507.958.93.36121.30.6850.2866.71[41]
70010.643.81.471.2731.60.4030.566265
Maize straw400–4509.859.164.690.9853.03[42]
Municipal solid waste400844.712.21.331.76.120.70.027[43]
5008.559.59.11.420.89.229.10.039
600970.18.41.313.76.229.80.038
Municipal solid waste30069.6378.768.491.8510.911.290.1[27]
MWTP sludge300580.446.5511.191.831.7236.84[44]
400573.956.968.611.221.3151.5
500571.277.578.350.851.1857.56
600570.067.968.150.590.9454.52
700567.968.517.680.410.6650.27
MWTP sludge300°C68.657.0221.162.33.358.2263.971.30.290.14[45]
500°C60.077.715.610.862.23.2677.440.660.160.12
700°C56.118.8915.320.471.381.1281.150.370.050.08
MWWTP sludge (dewatered)60060.85.931.293.834.8417.4139.2[46]
MWWTP sludge300207036.875.8141.096.35180.5720.17[47]
350206439.385.5944.877.04201.4225.32
MWWTP sludge400206044.685.4346.488.23261.0329.01[47]
450205445.684.8848.069.37250.0128.51
Oil mallee5508.4700.818.60.480.13[48]
Orange peel15082.450.66.21.75410.522.80.023[49]
3503373.24.192.318.32510.01
4003071.73.481.9220.82.1340.01
50026.971.42.251.8320.34.342.40.019
20061.657.95.531.8834.40.37.80.01
25048.365.15.122.2226.51.133.30.02
30037.269.34.512.3622.21.632.30.031
60026.777.81.971.814.44.17.80.008
70022.271.61.761.7222.22.82010.035
Peanut shells300736.917.7668.273.851.9125.891.240.670.290.313.14[50]
700721.8910.5783.761.751.1413.348.910.250.120.13448.20.2
Pig manure3508.331.582.363.816.9345.330.90.5123.80.053[51]
7009.525.161.122.054.8366.840.530.2132.60.035
Pig manure3508.231.62.363.816.90.8960.50523.8[41]
70010.625.21.122.054.830.5330.21332.6
Pine needles10091.250.876.150.7142.271.10.7[52]
20075.357.15.710.8836.310.96.2
25056.161.245.540.8632.361.29.5
30048.668.874.311.0825.741.919.9
4003077.852.951.1618.042.3112.40.044
50026.181.672.261.1114.962.8236.40.095
60020.485.361.850.9811.812.8206.70.076
7001486.511.281.1311.082.2490.80.186
Pine sawdust65086.821.570.3297.80.08[53]
Pine wood60085.72.10.311.4209.6[54]
Pine wood sawdust5001010.8363.031.5241.56[55]
Poplar wood400832967.34.420.783.53[30]
46089.2703.510.955.78.2
52588.777.92.661.076.855.7
Poultry litter5507.3451.945.50.420.12[48]
Residential sludge30.241.293.130.0164.17[34]
Rice hull50010.22052.6[56]
Rice straw60010.20.6155.9970.041[31]
Rice straw30044.1273.147.512.4616.91.230.17[27]
Rice straw5001050817.216.642.70.442836.7[23]
Rice straw3507.844.52.691.6422.10.7250.4049.01[41]
70010.656.72.390.12.610.5060.036188
Soybean stover300737.037.2768.814.291.8824.9910.410.740.271.35.61[50]
700721.5911.3281.981.271.315.4517.180.190.140.16420.30.19
Spruce wood4008366.963.55.481.021.91.8[30]
46088.779.63.321.24314.2
52588.678.33.041.174.740.4
Styrene butadiene rubber2001093.59.274.76.383.92150.0850.0520.052[57]
4001059.38.377.73.563.3415.40.0460.0430.04324.20.08
6001054.57.881.31.671.4315.60.0210.0180.01851.50.12
80010437.8860.870.472.1610.50.010.0250.031500.11
Sugarcane crop harvest55066.282.150.927.90.038[58]
Tire rubber2001093.574.76.383.9215[57]
4001059.377.73.563.3415.424.20.08
6001054.581.31.671.4315.651.50.12
8001043860.870.472.1610.5500.11
Walnut shell50031.769.423.851.5425.0794.5090.054[59]
70028.480.351.610.4117.54264.9910.141
90023.884.861.160.3413.63397.0150.198
Wheat chaff5508.9582.816.20.530.15[48]
Wheat straw4008349.165.74.051.059.74.8[30]
46088.772.43.151.07122.8
52589.274.42.831.0412.714.2
Wood (Chinese fir) sawdust30035.1573.957.340.4818.241.190.19[27]
Wood biomass30056762.754.250.330.442.20.8070.3640.368109[60]
50055773.293.030.3720.063.30.4920.2050.209165
70053083.271.680.4310.733.90.240.0960.10165
WWTP sludge5007.1827.82.345.570.015[61]
WWTP sludge450546.38.621.33.17[62]
WWTP sludge55010137.475.51.124.73[63]