Review Article
Risk Evaluation of Pyrolyzed Biochar from Multiple Wastes
Table 2
Biochar functional group changes from varied feedstock and pyrolysis temperature.
| Feedstock | Pyrolysis temp. (°C) | Heat rate (°C/min) | Yield (%) | pH | C (%) | H (%) | N (%) | O (%) | Ash (%) | H/C | O/C | C/N | (O + N)/C | Surface area (m2/g) | Pore volume (cm3/g) | Reference |
| Bamboo | 600 | — | — | 9.81 | — | — | — | — | — | 0.33 | — | 165 | — | 63.9 | 0.035 | [31] | Bamboo | 750 | — | — | 9.5 | 860 | 14.9 | 4.5 | — | 11.9 | 0.21 | — | 186 | — | 907.4 | — | [23] | Beech wood | 400 | — | — | 8.4 | 87.7 | 2.98 | 0.6 | 6.1 | 2.6 | — | — | — | — | 65.47 | — | [32] | Broiler litter | 350 | — | — | — | 45.6 | 4 | 4.5 | 18.3 | — | — | — | — | — | 60 | 0 | [33] | 700 | — | — | — | 46 | 1.42 | 2.82 | 7.4 | — | — | — | — | — | 94 | 0.018 | Corn cob | — | — | — | — | 77.32 | 3.16 | 2.02 | 10.72 | 6.19 | — | — | — | — | — | — | [34] | Corn straw | 600 | 10 | 68.2 | — | 85.9 | — | 0.4 | 11.1 | — | — | — | — | — | 34 | 0.04 | [35] | 800 | 10 | 72.8 | — | 79.4 | — | 0.25 | 10.1 | — | — | — | — | | 61 | 0.036 | Cottonseed hull | 200 | — | 83.4 | — | 51.9 | 6 | 0.6 | 40.5 | 3.1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | [36] | 350 | — | 36.8 | — | 77 | 4.53 | 1.9 | 15.7 | 5.7 | — | — | — | — | 4.7 | — | 500 | — | 28.9 | — | 87.5 | 2.82 | 1.5 | 7.6 | 7.9 | — | — | — | — | 0 | — | 650 | — | 25.4 | — | 91 | 1.26 | 1.6 | 5.9 | 8.3 | — | — | — | — | 34 | — | 800 | — | 24.2 | — | 90 | 0.6 | 1.9 | 7 | 9.2 | — | — | — | — | 322 | — | Dairy manure | 200 | — | — | 7.63 | 31.1 | 3.42 | 2.78 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 1.9 | — | [37] | Dairy manure | 350 | — | — | 9.98 | 25.2 | 1.67 | 2.22 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 5.61 | — | Eucalyptus salinga trees | 450 | 5–10 | — | 8.64 | 67.4 | — | 0.52 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 191 | 57.2 | [38] | 550 | 5–10 | — | 9.96 | 73.19 | — | 0.62 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 228.3 | 67.5 | Green waste | 700 | — | — | 9.8 | 51.9 | — | 0.59 | — | 45.7 | — | — | 88 | — | 303 | — | [39] | Hickory chips | 600 | 20 | — | — | 84.7 | 1.83 | 0.3 | 11.3 | — | — | — | — | — | 256 | — | [40] | Maize straw | 350 | — | — | 7.9 | 58.9 | 3.36 | 1 | 21.3 | — | 0.685 | — | — | 0.286 | 6.71 | — | [41] | 700 | — | — | 10.6 | 43.8 | 1.47 | 1.27 | 31.6 | — | 0.403 | — | — | 0.566 | 265 | — | Maize straw | 400–450 | — | — | 9.8 | 59.16 | 4.69 | 0.98 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 53.03 | — | [42] | Municipal solid waste | 400 | — | — | 8 | 44.7 | 12.2 | 1.3 | 31.7 | 6.1 | — | — | — | — | 20.7 | 0.027 | [43] | 500 | — | — | 8.5 | 59.5 | 9.1 | 1.4 | 20.8 | 9.2 | — | — | — | — | 29.1 | 0.039 | 600 | — | — | 9 | 70.1 | 8.4 | 1.3 | 13.7 | 6.2 | — | — | — | — | 29.8 | 0.038 | Municipal solid waste | 300 | — | 69.63 | — | 78.76 | 8.49 | 1.85 | 10.91 | — | 1.29 | 0.1 | — | — | — | — | [27] | MWTP sludge | 300 | 5 | 80.44 | 6.55 | 11.19 | 1.83 | 1.72 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 36.84 | — | [44] | 400 | 5 | 73.95 | 6.96 | 8.61 | 1.22 | 1.31 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 51.5 | — | 500 | 5 | 71.27 | 7.57 | 8.35 | 0.85 | 1.18 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 57.56 | — | 600 | 5 | 70.06 | 7.96 | 8.15 | 0.59 | 0.94 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 54.52 | — | 700 | 5 | 67.96 | 8.51 | 7.68 | 0.41 | 0.66 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 50.27 | — | MWTP sludge | 300°C | — | 68.65 | 7.02 | 21.16 | 2.3 | 3.35 | 8.22 | 63.97 | 1.3 | 0.29 | 0.14 | — | — | — | [45] | 500°C | — | 60.07 | 7.7 | 15.61 | 0.86 | 2.2 | 3.26 | 77.44 | 0.66 | 0.16 | 0.12 | — | — | — | 700°C | — | 56.11 | 8.89 | 15.32 | 0.47 | 1.38 | 1.12 | 81.15 | 0.37 | 0.05 | 0.08 | — | — | — | MWWTP sludge (dewatered) | 600 | — | 60.8 | 5.9 | 31.29 | 3.83 | 4.84 | 17.41 | 39.2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | [46] | MWWTP sludge | 300 | 20 | 70 | — | 36.87 | — | 5.81 | — | 41.09 | — | — | 6.35 | — | 180.57 | 20.17 | [47] | 350 | 20 | 64 | — | 39.38 | — | 5.59 | — | 44.87 | — | — | 7.04 | — | 201.42 | 25.32 | MWWTP sludge | 400 | 20 | 60 | — | 44.68 | — | 5.43 | — | 46.48 | — | — | 8.23 | — | 261.03 | 29.01 | [47] | 450 | 20 | 54 | — | 45.68 | — | 4.88 | — | 48.06 | — | — | 9.37 | — | 250.01 | 28.51 | Oil mallee | 550 | — | — | 8.4 | 70 | — | 0.81 | — | 8.6 | 0.48 | 0.13 | — | — | — | — | [48] | Orange peel | 150 | — | 82.4 | — | 50.6 | 6.2 | 1.75 | 41 | 0.5 | — | — | — | — | 22.8 | 0.023 | [49] | 350 | — | 33 | — | 73.2 | 4.19 | 2.3 | 18.3 | 2 | — | — | — | — | 51 | 0.01 | 400 | — | 30 | — | 71.7 | 3.48 | 1.92 | 20.8 | 2.1 | — | — | — | — | 34 | 0.01 | 500 | — | 26.9 | — | 71.4 | 2.25 | 1.83 | 20.3 | 4.3 | — | — | — | — | 42.4 | 0.019 | 200 | — | 61.6 | — | 57.9 | 5.53 | 1.88 | 34.4 | 0.3 | — | — | — | — | 7.8 | 0.01 | 250 | — | 48.3 | — | 65.1 | 5.12 | 2.22 | 26.5 | 1.1 | — | — | — | — | 33.3 | 0.02 | 300 | — | 37.2 | — | 69.3 | 4.51 | 2.36 | 22.2 | 1.6 | — | — | — | — | 32.3 | 0.031 | 600 | — | 26.7 | — | 77.8 | 1.97 | 1.8 | 14.4 | 4.1 | — | — | — | — | 7.8 | 0.008 | 700 | — | 22.2 | — | 71.6 | 1.76 | 1.72 | 22.2 | 2.8 | — | — | — | — | 201 | 0.035 | Peanut shells | 300 | 7 | 36.91 | 7.76 | 68.27 | 3.85 | 1.91 | 25.89 | 1.24 | 0.67 | 0.29 | — | 0.31 | 3.14 | — | [50] | 700 | 7 | 21.89 | 10.57 | 83.76 | 1.75 | 1.14 | 13.34 | 8.91 | 0.25 | 0.12 | — | 0.13 | 448.2 | 0.2 | Pig manure | 350 | — | — | 8.3 | 31.58 | 2.36 | 3.8 | 16.93 | 45.33 | 0.9 | — | — | 0.51 | 23.8 | 0.053 | [51] | 700 | — | — | 9.5 | 25.16 | 1.12 | 2.05 | 4.83 | 66.84 | 0.53 | — | — | 0.21 | 32.6 | 0.035 | Pig manure | 350 | — | — | 8.2 | 31.6 | 2.36 | 3.8 | 16.9 | — | 0.896 | — | — | 0.505 | 23.8 | — | [41] | 700 | — | — | 10.6 | 25.2 | 1.12 | 2.05 | 4.83 | — | 0.533 | — | — | 0.213 | 32.6 | — | Pine needles | 100 | — | 91.2 | — | 50.87 | 6.15 | 0.71 | 42.27 | 1.1 | — | — | — | — | 0.7 | — | [52] | 200 | — | 75.3 | — | 57.1 | 5.71 | 0.88 | 36.31 | 0.9 | — | — | — | — | 6.2 | — | 250 | — | 56.1 | — | 61.24 | 5.54 | 0.86 | 32.36 | 1.2 | — | — | — | — | 9.5 | — | 300 | — | 48.6 | — | 68.87 | 4.31 | 1.08 | 25.74 | 1.9 | — | — | — | — | 19.9 | — | 400 | — | 30 | — | 77.85 | 2.95 | 1.16 | 18.04 | 2.3 | — | — | — | — | 112.4 | 0.044 | 500 | — | 26.1 | — | 81.67 | 2.26 | 1.11 | 14.96 | 2.8 | — | — | — | — | 236.4 | 0.095 | 600 | — | 20.4 | — | 85.36 | 1.85 | 0.98 | 11.81 | 2.8 | — | — | — | — | 206.7 | 0.076 | 700 | — | 14 | — | 86.51 | 1.28 | 1.13 | 11.08 | 2.2 | — | — | — | — | 490.8 | 0.186 | Pine sawdust | 650 | — | — | — | 86.82 | 1.57 | 0.3 | | — | — | — | — | — | 297.8 | 0.08 | [53] | Pine wood | 600 | — | — | — | 85.7 | 2.1 | 0.3 | 11.4 | — | — | — | — | — | 209.6 | — | [54] | Pine wood sawdust | 500 | 10 | — | 10.83 | 63.03 | — | 1.52 | — | — | — | — | 41.56 | — | — | — | [55] | Poplar wood | 400 | 8 | 32 | 9 | 67.3 | 4.42 | 0.78 | — | 3.5 | — | — | — | — | 3 | — | [30] | 460 | 8 | — | 9.2 | 70 | 3.51 | 0.95 | — | 5.7 | — | — | — | — | 8.2 | — | 525 | 8 | — | 8.7 | 77.9 | 2.66 | 1.07 | — | 6.8 | — | — | — | — | 55.7 | — | Poultry litter | 550 | — | — | 7.3 | 45 | — | 1.9 | — | 45.5 | 0.42 | 0.12 | — | — | — | — | [48] | Residential sludge | | — | — | — | 30.24 | 1.29 | 3.13 | 0.01 | 64.17 | — | — | — | — | — | — | [34] | Rice hull | 500 | — | — | 10.2 | 205 | — | 2.6 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | [56] | Rice straw | 600 | — | — | 10.2 | — | — | — | — | — | 0.61 | — | 55.9 | — | 97 | 0.041 | [31] | Rice straw | 300 | — | 44.12 | — | 73.14 | 7.51 | 2.46 | 16.9 | — | 1.23 | 0.17 | — | — | — | — | [27] | Rice straw | 500 | — | — | 10 | 508 | 17.2 | 16.6 | — | 42.7 | 0.44 | — | 28 | — | 36.7 | — | [23] | Rice straw | 350 | — | — | 7.8 | 44.5 | 2.69 | 1.64 | 22.1 | — | 0.725 | — | — | 0.404 | 9.01 | — | [41] | 700 | — | — | 10.6 | 56.7 | 2.39 | 0.1 | 2.61 | — | 0.506 | — | — | 0.036 | 188 | — | Soybean stover | 300 | 7 | 37.03 | 7.27 | 68.81 | 4.29 | 1.88 | 24.99 | 10.41 | 0.74 | 0.27 | — | 1.3 | 5.61 | — | [50] | 700 | 7 | 21.59 | 11.32 | 81.98 | 1.27 | 1.3 | 15.45 | 17.18 | 0.19 | 0.14 | — | 0.16 | 420.3 | 0.19 | Spruce wood | 400 | 8 | 36 | 6.9 | 63.5 | 5.48 | 1.02 | — | 1.9 | — | — | — | — | 1.8 | — | [30] | 460 | 8 | — | 8.7 | 79.6 | 3.32 | 1.24 | — | 3 | — | — | — | — | 14.2 | — | 525 | 8 | — | 8.6 | 78.3 | 3.04 | 1.17 | — | 4.7 | — | — | — | — | 40.4 | — | Styrene butadiene rubber | 200 | 10 | 93.5 | 9.2 | 74.7 | 6.38 | — | 3.92 | 15 | 0.085 | 0.052 | — | 0.052 | — | — | [57] | 400 | 10 | 59.3 | 8.3 | 77.7 | 3.56 | — | 3.34 | 15.4 | 0.046 | 0.043 | — | 0.043 | 24.2 | 0.08 | 600 | 10 | 54.5 | 7.8 | 81.3 | 1.67 | — | 1.43 | 15.6 | 0.021 | 0.018 | — | 0.018 | 51.5 | 0.12 | 800 | 10 | 43 | 7.8 | 86 | 0.87 | 0.47 | 2.16 | 10.5 | 0.01 | 0.025 | — | 0.031 | 50 | 0.11 | Sugarcane crop harvest | 550 | — | — | — | 66.28 | 2.15 | 0.9 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 27.9 | 0.038 | [58] | Tire rubber | 200 | 10 | 93.5 | — | 74.7 | 6.38 | — | 3.92 | 15 | — | — | — | — | — | — | [57] | 400 | 10 | 59.3 | — | 77.7 | 3.56 | — | 3.34 | 15.4 | — | — | — | — | 24.2 | 0.08 | 600 | 10 | 54.5 | — | 81.3 | 1.67 | — | 1.43 | 15.6 | — | — | — | — | 51.5 | 0.12 | 800 | 10 | 43 | — | 86 | 0.87 | 0.47 | 2.16 | 10.5 | — | — | — | — | 50 | 0.11 | Walnut shell | 500 | — | 31.7 | — | 69.42 | 3.85 | 1.54 | 25.07 | — | — | — | — | — | 94.509 | 0.054 | [59] | 700 | — | 28.4 | — | 80.35 | 1.61 | 0.41 | 17.54 | — | — | — | — | — | 264.991 | 0.141 | 900 | — | 23.8 | — | 84.86 | 1.16 | 0.34 | 13.63 | — | — | — | — | — | 397.015 | 0.198 | Wheat chaff | 550 | — | — | 8.9 | 58 | — | 2.8 | — | 16.2 | 0.53 | 0.15 | — | — | — | — | [48] | Wheat straw | 400 | 8 | 34 | 9.1 | 65.7 | 4.05 | 1.05 | — | 9.7 | — | — | — | — | 4.8 | — | [30] | 460 | 8 | — | 8.7 | 72.4 | 3.15 | 1.07 | — | 12 | — | — | — | — | 2.8 | — | 525 | 8 | — | 9.2 | 74.4 | 2.83 | 1.04 | — | 12.7 | — | — | — | — | 14.2 | — | Wood (Chinese fir) sawdust | 300 | — | 35.15 | — | 73.95 | 7.34 | 0.48 | 18.24 | — | 1.19 | 0.19 | — | — | — | — | [27] | Wood biomass | 300 | 5 | 67 | — | 62.75 | 4.25 | 0.3 | 30.44 | 2.2 | 0.807 | 0.364 | — | 0.368 | 109 | — | [60] | 500 | 5 | 57 | — | 73.29 | 3.03 | 0.37 | 20.06 | 3.3 | 0.492 | 0.205 | — | 0.209 | 165 | — | 700 | 5 | 30 | — | 83.27 | 1.68 | 0.43 | 10.73 | 3.9 | 0.24 | 0.096 | — | 0.101 | 65 | — | WWTP sludge | 500 | — | — | 7.18 | 27.8 | — | 2.34 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 5.57 | 0.015 | [61] | WWTP sludge | 450 | 5 | 46.3 | 8.6 | 21.3 | — | 3.17 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | [62] | WWTP sludge | 550 | 10 | 13 | 7.47 | 5.5 | | 1.1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 24.73 | — | [63] |
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