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| Performance topic | Reference | Type of microparticle assay | Total number of subjects in study | Concentration [MP/L] | Summary statement |
|
| Accurate enumeration of microparticles (especially in the presence of platelets or other particles) | Balvers et al. 2015 [51] | FC | 20 (10 trauma patients; 10 healthy) | 7.5 × 103 | Flow cytometry does not count microparticles if bound in complexes; reported concentration is about 106 lower than reported elsewhere; sample was prepared at low temperature |
| Jayachandran et al. 2011 [52] | FC | 118 (58 assayed for plasma microparticles) | N/A | Flow cytometry does not detect aggregates |
| van Ierssel et al. 2012 [53] | FC | 13 in vitro lipid (5 coronary heart disease; 8 healthy); 5 in vivo lipid, healthy | 2.5 × 108 (EMP only) | Flow cytometry data are affected by high circulating levels of lipids |
|
| Size of microparticles (below the detection limit of many technologies) | Leong et al. 2011 [55] | FC | 6 (acute myocardial infarction; healthy) | 3 × 109 | Platelet microparticle size is below stated detection limits of most flow cytometers. However, study confirmed that flow cytometry is capable of analyzing microparticles from plasma; approximately 2-fold for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patient |
| Robert et al. 2012 [56] | FC | 40 (30 coronary disease; 10 healthy) | 2.0 × 109 (1.1 × 1010 with high sensitivity FCM) | Standard flow cytometry does not detect small microparticles. High-sensitivity flow cytometry allows measurement of previously undetectable microparticles; approximately 10-fold for coronary patients |
|
| Probe/marker selection | Hou et al. 2011 [77] | FC | 20 healthy donors | 1 × 109 (fresh)
1.5 × 1010 (day 9) | Annexin V does not bind to membranes at low phosphatidyl-serine levels and is Ca2+ dependent; lactadherin is proposed as an alternative |
| Iversen et al. 2013 [58] | FC | 49 (20 healthy; 29 systemic lupus erythematosus) | 9 × 109 | Annexin V binding is Ca2+ dependent, resulting in potential clotting of plasma; approximately 2-fold for patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) |
| Lanuti et al. 2012 [78] | FC | 34 (20 diabetes; 14 healthy) | 1.1 × 108 (EMP only) | Endothelial microparticles and circulating endothelial cells share markers such as CD144 and CD146 leading to overestimation; approximately 2-fold for patients with type 2 diabetes (Iversen et al. published endothelial microparticle concentration to be a factor 10 lower than platelet microparticles) |
| Bohling et al. 2012 [45] | ELISA, clot-based and chromogenic and flow cytometry | 75 (24 healthy, 28 trauma, 23 nontrauma (patients taking warfarin, heparin, or lupus anticoagulants)) | 4 × 1010 | The performance characteristics of a clot-based versus chromogenic procoagulant phospholipid assay were compared and low correlation found; neither assay was considered optimal |
|
| Standardization of methods | Marchetti et al. 2014 [61] | ELISA, clot-based and thrombin generation | 145 (72 control, 73 essential thrombocythemia) | | The performance characteristics of clot-based procoagulant phospholipid assay and thrombin generation assay were compared |
|
| Method selection | Strasser et al. 2013 [62] | FC, prothrombinase ELISA, clot-based ELISA | 31 healthy donors | 1.2 × 109 | The performance characteristics of a clot-based procoagulant phospholipid assay, prothrombinase assay, and flow cytometry were compared |
| Labrie et al. 2013 [20] | DLS | 24 apheresis platelet concentrates from normal volunteers | 1.5 × 1012 | ThromboLUX microparticle assay was compared to flow cytometry and correlated highly |
| Xu et al. 2011 [44] | DLS | 160 (81 platelet-rich plasma, 79 apheresis platelet concentrates) | 2 × 1011 | ThromboLUX microparticle assay was compared to flow cytometry [51]; values were calculated from reported relative content but concentrations are not published |
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