This study investigated the effects of ultraviolet-A (UV-A) and ultraviolet-C (UV-C) light on the mechanical properties in oyster mushrooms during the growth. Experiments were carried out with irradiation of the mushrooms with UV-A (365&#x2009;nm) and UV-C (254&#x2009;nm) light during growth. The exposure time ranged from 10 minutes to 60 minutes at intervals of 10 minutes and irradiation was done for three days. The samples for experimental studies were cut into cylindrical shapes of diameter 12.50&#x2009;mm and thickness 3.00&#x2009;mm. The storage modulus, loss modulus, and loss factor of the irradiated samples and control samples were determined for both UV bands and there was a significant difference between the storage modulus, loss modulus, and loss factor of the irradiated samples by both UV bands with reference to the control sample, <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-0.6617603pt" id="M1" height="9.65971pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.99795 46.7259 9.65971" width="46.7259pt"><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,0,0)"><path id="g113-81" d="M600 480C600 590 528 650 384 650H143L137 622C222 614 225 607 210 531L130 127C113 41 106 36 23 28L17 0H294L300 28C204 36 195 42 212 127L243 284L314 263C327 263 339 263 352 264C465 271 600 337 600 480ZM508 481C508 351 402 304 329 304C289 304 265 311 250 317L295 559C302 594 310 606 323 611C335 616 350 619 367 619C455 619 508 573 508 481Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,12.15,0)"><path id="g117-91" d="M512 -3V55L134 254V256L512 456V514L75 281V230L512 -3Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,23.887,0)"><path id="g113-49" d="M241 635C89 635 35 457 35 312C35 153 89 -12 240 -12C390 -12 443 166 443 312C443 466 390 635 241 635ZM238 602C329 602 354 454 354 312C354 172 330 22 240 22C152 22 124 173 124 313S148 602 238 602Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,30.39,0)"><path id="g113-47" d="M113 -12C146 -12 170 11 170 46C170 78 146 103 114 103S58 78 58 46C58 11 82 -12 113 -12Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,33.48,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,39.983,0)"><path id="g113-54" d="M153 550H386L412 615L406 623H120L82 318C104 327 142 338 184 338C294 338 347 275 347 187C347 112 305 39 221 39C160 39 119 71 97 89C88 97 80 96 71 90C59 80 50 67 49 57C48 45 52 36 66 23C80 9 123 -12 169 -12C221 -11 288 15 342 59C403 109 431 165 431 225C431 308 366 395 238 395C212 395 165 379 127 364L153 550Z"/></g></svg>. UV-C light irradiated samples had higher loss modulus and loss factor but low storage modulus as temperature increased from 35 to 100&#xb0;C with respect to the control sample while UV-A light irradiated samples had lower loss modulus, low loss factor, and higher storage modulus than UV-C irradiated samples.

Tindibale L. Edward

M. S. K. Kirui

Josiah O. Omolo

Richard G. Ngumbu

Peter M. Odhiambo

Effect of Ultraviolet-A (UV-A) and Ultraviolet-C (UV-C) Light on Mechanical Properties of Oyster Mushrooms during Growth

The response of the calmodulin (CaM) protein as a function of calcium ion removal, ionic strength, and temperature at physiological pH condition was investigated using classical molecular dynamics simulations. Changing the ionic strength and temperature came out to be two of the possible routes for observing a conformation change in the protein. This behavior is similar to the conformation change observed in our previous study where a change in the pH was observed to trigger a conformation change in this protein. In the present study, as the calcium ions are removed from the protein, the protein is observed to acquire more flexibility. This flexibility is observed to be more prominent at a higher ionic strength. At a lower ionic strength of 150&#x2009;mM with all the four calcium ions intact, the N- and C-lobes are observed to come close to a distance of 30&#x2009;&#xC5; starting from an initial separation distance of 48&#x2009;&#xC5;. This conformation change is observed to take place around 50&#x2009;ns in a simulation of 100&#x2009;ns. As a second parameter, temperature is observed to play a key role in the conformation change of the protein. With an increase in the temperature, the protein is observed to acquire a more compact form with the formation of different salt bridges between the residues of the N- and the C-lobes. The salt bridge formation leads to an overall lowering of the energy of the protein thus favoring the bending of the two lobes towards each other. The improper and dihedral terms show a significant shift thus leading to a more compact form on increasing the temperature. Another set of simulations is also performed at an increased temperature of 500&#x2009;K to verify the reproducibility of the results. Thus a set of three possible alterations in the environmental conditions of the protein CaM are studied, with two of them giving rise to a conformation change and one adding flexibility to the protein.

Sunita Negi

Effect of Calcium Ion Removal, Ionic Strength, and Temperature on the Conformation Change in Calmodulin Protein at Physiological pH

Current chemotherapies against trypanosomiasis are beset with diverse challenges, a situation which underscores the numerous research efforts aimed at finding newer and effective treatments. Arginine kinase of trypanosome has been validated as target for drug development against trypanosomiasis. The present study investigated the interaction between a recombinant form of the arginine kinase (rTbAK) of trypanosome and gallotannin. The interaction between gallotannin and recombinant arginine kinase of<i> Trypanosoma brucei</i> caused significant decrease of enzyme activity. Kinetic analysis revealed the interaction to be of noncompetitive inhibition. Further thermodynamic analysis showed that the interaction between gallotannin and the recombinant arginine kinase was nonspontaneous and involved hydrophobic forces. The <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-3.37758pt" id="M1" height="12.1839pt" version="1.1" viewBox="0 -8.80632 17.6329 12.1839" width="17.6329pt"><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,0,0)"><path id="g113-76" d="M743 650H503L496 622L527 618C563 613 564 603 532 573C449 495 371 431 323 392C301 374 272 355 246 346L280 522C297 609 300 614 379 622L385 650H135L129 622C209 614 215 609 198 522L124 133C106 39 99 35 23 28L17 0H271L277 28C193 35 192 39 208 133L239 316C264 328 280 325 303 288C368 183 435 90 502 0H652L659 28C602 34 584 43 543 94C495 154 403 283 347 369L574 554C634 603 659 612 735 624L743 650Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0095,0,0,-0.0095,9.619,3.264)"><path id="g190-116" d="M319 325C317 349 306 409 297 431C277 440 250 449 209 449C117 449 57 389 57 319C57 243 122 209 182 182C232 159 261 135 261 91C261 48 227 21 190 21C130 21 85 79 68 145L41 140C41 104 51 36 58 22C75 7 121 -12 172 -12C252 -12 337 35 337 126C337 195 286 231 210 262C166 281 126 304 126 348C126 388 152 417 191 417C240 417 274 378 294 318L319 325Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0095,0,0,-0.0095,13.1,3.264)"><path id="g190-119" d="M478 437H300V411C357 404 363 393 347 345C325 280 293 190 258 107C229 178 188 284 163 354C147 397 149 405 203 411V437H-2V411C52 403 59 396 82 339C130 222 176 109 220 -11H248C304 138 356 261 390 336C417 395 425 404 478 411V437Z"></path></g></svg> values and the FRET analysis suggest that static quenching of fluorescence intensity by gallotannin was static. Data revealed inhibitory interactions between gallotannin and rTbAK of trypanosome. Although the mechanism of inhibition is not clear yet, molecular docking studies are ongoing to clearly define the inhibitory interactions between the gallotannin and rTbAK. The knowledge of such binding properties would enrich development of selective inhibitors for the arginine kinase of<i> Trypanosoma brucei</i>.

O. S. Adeyemi

A. F. Sulaiman

O. M. Iniaghe

Interaction between Gallotannin and a Recombinant Form of Arginine Kinase of <i>Trypanosoma brucei</i>: Thermodynamic and Spectrofluorimetric Evaluation

Analytical investigation of MHD blood flow in a porous inclined stenotic artery under the influence of the inclined magnetic field has been done. Blood is considered as an electrically conducting Newtonian fluid. The physics of the problem is described by the usual MHD equations along with appropriate boundary conditions. The flow governing equations are finally transformed to nonhomogeneous second-order ordinary differential equations. This model is consistent with the principles of magnetohydrodynamics. Analytical expressions for the velocity profile, volumetric flow rate, wall shear stress, and pressure gradient have been derived. Blood flow characteristics are computed for a specific set of values of the different parameters involved in the model analysis and are presented graphically. Some of the obtained results show that the flow patterns in converging region (<svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-2.5552pt" id="M1" height="12.2611pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -9.7059 27.7672 12.2611" width="27.7672pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path id="g50-236" d="M435 683C435 695 433 700 417 700C380 700 311 676 267 649C217 655 198 677 198 698C198 713 202 725 205 731L185 739C156 728 122 706 122 679C122 646 165 618 221 611C170 578 115 533 115 461C115 416 145 377 177 365C103 329 24 261 24 163C24 72 81 34 155 14C181 7 201 3 222 -1C284 -14 298 -34 298 -59C298 -97 254 -151 235 -171L262 -194C285 -179 378 -110 378 -28C378 14 343 58 273 70C248 74 219 80 190 89C140 104 109 134 109 190C109 259 165 325 225 350C251 343 285 340 318 340C334 340 376 381 376 403C376 416 372 420 355 420C323 420 284 410 258 403C221 409 194 444 194 490C194 540 236 586 274 608C317 608 364 613 388 623C408 631 435 653 435 683Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,9.644,0)"><path id="g54-91" d="M530 -6V57L144 261V263L530 468V530L81 290V234L530 -6Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,21.262,0)"><path id="g50-49" d="M245 635C92 635 37 457 37 312C37 149 91 -12 244 -12C395 -12 449 166 449 312C449 469 395 635 245 635ZM243 598C332 598 358 454 358 312C358 173 334 26 245 26C158 26 128 174 128 313S152 598 243 598Z"/></g></svg>), diverging region (<svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-2.5552pt" id="M2" height="12.2611pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -9.7059 27.7672 12.2611" width="27.7672pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g50-236"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,9.644,0)"><path id="g54-92" d="M530 234V290L81 530V468L467 263V261L81 57V-6L530 234Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,21.262,0)"><use xlink:href="#g50-49"/></g></svg>), and nontapered region (<svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-2.5552pt" id="M3" height="12.2611pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -9.7059 27.7672 12.2611" width="27.7672pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g50-236"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,9.644,0)"><path id="g54-34" d="M556 331V384H55V331H556ZM556 140V193H55V140H556Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,21.262,0)"><use xlink:href="#g50-49"/></g></svg>) are effectively influenced by the presence of magnetic field and change in inclination of artery as well as magnetic field. There is also a significant effect of permeability on the wall shear stress as well as volumetric flow rate.

Neetu Srivastava

Analysis of Flow Characteristics of the Blood Flowing through an Inclined Tapered Porous Artery with Mild Stenosis under the Influence of an Inclined Magnetic Field

Natural dyes have become a viable alternative to expensive organic sensitizers because of their low cost of production, abundance in supply, and eco-friendliness. We evaluated 35 native plants containing anthocyanin pigments as potential sensitizers for DSSCs. <i>Melastoma malabathricum</i> (fruit pulp), <i>Hibiscus rosa-sinensis</i> (flower), and <i>Codiaeum variegatum</i> (leaves) showed the highest absorption peaks. Hence, these were used to determine anthocyanin content and stability based on the impacts of storage temperature. <i>Melastoma malabathricum </i>fruit pulp exhibited the highest anthocyanin content (8.43&#x2009;mg/L) followed by <i>H. rosa-sinensis</i> and <i>C. variegatum</i>. Significantly greater stability of extracted anthocyanin pigment was shown when all three were stored at 4<sup>&#x2218;</sup>C. The highest half-life periods for anthocyanin in <i>M. malabathricum</i>, <i>H. rosa-sinensis,</i> and <i>C. variegatum</i> were 541, 571, and 353 days at 4<sup>&#x2218;</sup>C. These were rapidly decreased to 111, 220, and 254 days when stored at 25<sup>&#x2218;</sup>C. The photovoltaic efficiency of <i>M. malabathricum </i>was1.16&#x25;, while the values for <i>H. rosa-sinensis </i>and <i>C. variegatum </i>were 0.16&#x25; and 1.08&#x25;, respectively. Hence,<i> M. malabathricum</i> fruit pulp extracts can be further evaluated as an alternative natural sensitizer for DSSCs.

Aiman Yusoff

N. T. R. N. Kumara

Andery Lim

Piyasiri Ekanayake

Kushan U. Tennakoon

Impacts of Temperature on the Stability of Tropical Plant Pigments as Sensitizers for Dye Sensitized Solar Cells

An approximate value of the diamagnetic anisotropy of the tubulin dimer, <svg     style="vertical-align:-4.38708pt;width:50.224998px;" id="M1" height="16.887501" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 50.224998 16.887501" width="50.224998"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,11.363)"><path id="x394" d="M600 0h-557v24l268 633l28 8l261 -641v-24zM497 50l-194 489l-196 -489h390z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,10.959,11.363)"><path id="x1D712" d="M565 434q-29 -30 -107.5 -131t-125.5 -168q22 -126 55 -265q8 -35 12.5 -45.5t11.5 -10.5q26 0 76 59l23 -23q-77 -111 -134 -111q-42 0 -63 96l-43 222q-148 -211 -219 -335h-10q-30 45 9 103l209 291q-27 155 -42 214q-7 27 -11.5 35.5t-12.5 8.5q-19 0 -62 -57l-21 21&#xA;q73 110 126 110q18 0 31.5 -22.5t19.5 -52.5l35 -184l160 234l74 25z" /></g>

			<g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,20.85,16.688)"><path id="x64" d="M517 51v-25q-101 -18 -155 -38v65l-61 -36q-50 -29 -78 -29q-68 0 -126.5 58t-58.5 155q0 103 77 175.5t180 72.5q36 0 67 -12v143q0 48 -11.5 58.5t-65.5 14.5v25q79 9 156 34v-597q0 -38 7.5 -48t36.5 -13zM362 85v275q-35 51 -103 51q-20 0 -40.5 -8.5t-42 -28&#xA;t-35 -57.5t-13.5 -89q0 -83 42 -130t96 -47q51 0 96 34z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,27.133,16.688)"><path id="x69" d="M135 536q-20 0 -35 15.5t-15 35.5q0 22 15 37t36 15t35.5 -15t14.5 -37q0 -21 -15 -36t-36 -15zM252 0h-220v26q48 5 59 17t11 63v206q0 47 -9 58t-54 18v24q78 12 142 39v-345q0 -51 11.5 -63t59.5 -17v-26z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,30.321,16.688)"><path id="x6D" d="M797 0h-214v26q46 5 58 17.5t12 63.5v167q0 116 -88 116q-48 0 -112 -52q3 -18 3 -42v-195q0 -46 11 -58t53 -17v-26h-214v26q48 5 59.5 17t11.5 60v172q0 115 -88 115q-47 0 -109 -52v-235q0 -47 10 -59.5t48 -17.5v-26h-211v26q50 5 62.5 17t12.5 60v207q0 48 -9 59.5&#xA;t-52 18.5v23q79 14 139 41v-81q3 2 29 20.5t44 29.5q45 28 81 28t66 -22t46 -61q25 20 83 57q39 26 76 26q59 0 93 -40t34 -113v-193q0 -49 10.5 -60.5t54.5 -16.5v-26z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,40.066,16.688)"><path id="x65" d="M380 106l15 -22q-42 -52 -87 -74t-76 -22q-89 0 -142 62t-53 151q0 103 66 175q67 73 146 73h1q61 0 105.5 -46.5t44.5 -105.5q0 -16 -4.5 -22.5t-18.5 -9.5q-54 -10 -262 -17q1 -95 46 -143.5t104 -48.5q61 0 115 50zM225 412q-35 0 -64.5 -32.5t-40.5 -90.5q83 0 170 3&#xA;q14 0 19 4.5t5 15.5q1 41 -23.5 70.5t-65.5 29.5z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,45.123,16.688)"><path id="x72" d="M181 342h2q63 107 121 107q24 0 41 -16t17 -34q0 -34 -32 -49q-17 -7 -26 2q-21 20 -43 20q-20 0 -42 -22t-38 -63v-183q0 -50 12.5 -62t69.5 -16v-26h-230v26q47 5 58 17t11 61v207q0 49 -9 60.5t-53 16.5v23q74 12 141 40v-109z" /></g>

		
	
</svg>, has been determined assuming axial symmetry and that only the <i  >&#x3b1;</i>-helices and <i  >&#x3b2;</i>-sheets contribute to the anisotropy. Two approaches have been utilized: (a) using the value for the <svg     style="vertical-align:-4.3871pt;width:28.299999px;" id="M2" height="16.887501" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 28.299999 16.887501" width="28.299999"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
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			<g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,20.85,16.688)"><path id="x1D6FC" d="M545 106q-67 -118 -134 -118q-24 0 -40 37.5t-30 129.5h-2q-47 -72 -103 -119.5t-108 -47.5q-47 0 -76 45.5t-29 119.5q0 113 85 204t174 91q47 0 70 -33.5t43 -119.5h3q32 47 80 140l55 13l10 -9q-47 -80 -138 -201q17 -99 27.5 -136t22.5 -37q23 0 69 61zM333 204&#xA;q-14 98 -31 149.5t-50 51.5q-49 0 -94 -70t-45 -164q0 -55 15.5 -86t40.5 -31q70 0 164 150z" /></g>

		
	
</svg> for an <i  >&#x3b1;</i>-helical peptide bond given by Pauling (1979) and (b) using the previously determined anisotropy of fibrinogen as a calibration standard. The <svg     style="vertical-align:-4.38708pt;width:130.6375px;" id="M3" height="21.299999" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 130.6375 21.299999" width="130.6375"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
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			<g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,20.85,21.1)"><use xlink:href="#x64"/></g><g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,27.133,21.1)"><use xlink:href="#x69"/></g><g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,30.321,21.1)"><use xlink:href="#x6D"/></g><g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,40.031,21.1)"><use xlink:href="#x65"/></g><g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,45.088,21.1)"><use xlink:href="#x72"/></g>

			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,54.838,15.775)"><path id="x2248" d="M537 353q-54 -70 -120 -70q-47 0 -137 43q-78 38 -108 38q-55 0 -91 -57l-31 33q51 74 122 74q45 0 137 -44q76 -37 108 -37q55 0 91 57zM537 168q-54 -70 -120 -70q-47 0 -137 43q-78 38 -108 38q-55 0 -91 -57l-31 33q51 74 122 74q45 0 137 -44q76 -37 108 -37&#xA;q55 0 91 57z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,69.524,15.775)"><path id="x34" d="M456 178h-96v-72q0 -51 12.5 -62.5t72.5 -16.5v-27h-256v27q65 5 78 17t13 62v72h-260v28q182 271 300 426h40v-407h96v-47zM280 225v295h-2q-107 -148 -196 -295h198z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,81.458,15.775)"><path id="xD7" d="M528 54l-36 -38l-198 201l-198 -201l-36 38l197 200l-197 201l36 38l198 -202l198 202l36 -38l-197 -201z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,95.227,15.775)"><path id="x31" d="M384 0h-275v27q67 5 81.5 18.5t14.5 68.5v385q0 38 -7.5 47.5t-40.5 10.5l-48 2v24q85 15 178 52v-521q0 -55 14.5 -68.5t82.5 -18.5v-27z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,103.386,15.775)"><path id="x30" d="M241 635q53 0 94 -28.5t63.5 -76t33.5 -102.5t11 -116q0 -58 -11 -112.5t-34 -103.5t-63.5 -78.5t-94.5 -29.5t-95 28t-64.5 75t-34.5 102.5t-11 118.5q0 58 11.5 112.5t34.5 103t64.5 78t95.5 29.5zM238 602q-32 0 -55.5 -25t-35.5 -68t-17.5 -91t-5.5 -105&#xA;q0 -76 10 -138.5t37 -107.5t69 -45q32 0 55.5 25t35.5 68.5t17.5 91.5t5.5 105t-5.5 105.5t-18 92t-36 68t-56.5 24.5z" /></g>

			<g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,111.55,7.613)"><path id="x2212" d="M535 230h-483v50h483v-50z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,118.535,7.613)"><path id="x32" d="M412 140l28 -9q0 -2 -35 -131h-373v23q112 112 161 170q59 70 92 127t33 115q0 63 -31 98t-86 35q-75 0 -137 -93l-22 20l57 81q55 59 135 59q69 0 118.5 -46.5t49.5 -122.5q0 -62 -29.5 -114t-102.5 -130l-141 -149h186q42 0 58.5 10.5t38.5 56.5z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,124.246,7.613)"><path id="x37" d="M447 623l8 -12l-283 -613l-74 -10l-7 11q174 283 297 551h-216q-48 0 -62.5 -12t-33.5 -63h-29q10 60 18 148h382z" /></g>

		
	
</svg>&#x2009;JT<sup  >&#x2212;2</sup> obtained from these measurements are similar to within 20&#x25;. Although Cotton-Mouton measurements alone cannot be used to estimate <svg     style="vertical-align:-3.7947pt;width:20.9125px;" id="M4" height="16.15" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 20.9125 16.15" width="20.9125"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
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</svg> directly, the value we measured, <svg     style="vertical-align:-3.39069pt;width:208.4375px;" id="M5" height="20.0625" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 208.4375 20.0625" width="208.4375"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,15.775)"><path id="x43" d="M614 175l29 -10q-33 -109 -57 -154q-121 -26 -184 -26q-90 0 -160.5 29t-112.5 77t-63.5 105.5t-21.5 119.5q0 157 108 253t277 96q36 0 71.5 -5t69 -13.5t36.5 -8.5q15 -102 20 -150l-29 -8q-20 79 -66.5 114t-128.5 35q-119 0 -187.5 -86t-68.5 -207&#xA;q0 -140 73.5 -227.5t188.5 -87.5q73 0 119.5 37.5t86.5 116.5z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,11.367,15.775)"><path id="x4D" d="M861 0h-263v28q61 5 73 22t12 97l-4 408h-4l-244 -548h-20l-224 534h-2l-15 -285q-5 -98 -3 -166q1 -34 19.5 -45t72.5 -17v-28h-233v28q45 5 62.5 17t22.5 43q11 65 19 183l14 208q3 36 3.5 55t-2.5 37.5t-6.5 25t-16.5 13t-25.5 8t-39.5 4.5v28h164l228 -501l232 501&#xA;h170v-28q-68 -6 -81 -21.5t-11 -91.5l9 -362q2 -80 15 -97t78 -22v-28z" /></g>

			<g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,26.513,19.863)"><use xlink:href="#x64"/></g><g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,32.795,19.863)"><use xlink:href="#x69"/></g><g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,35.984,19.863)"><use xlink:href="#x6D"/></g><g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,45.681,19.863)"><use xlink:href="#x65"/></g><g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,50.738,19.863)"><use xlink:href="#x72"/></g>

			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,60.5,15.775)"><path id="x3D" d="M535 323h-483v50h483v-50zM535 138h-483v50h483v-50z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,75.187,15.775)"><path id="x28" d="M300 -147l-18 -23q-106 71 -159 185.5t-53 254.5v1q0 139 53 252.5t159 186.5l18 -24q-74 -62 -115.5 -173.5t-41.5 -242.5q0 -130 41.5 -242.5t115.5 -174.5z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,81.068,15.775)"><use xlink:href="#x31"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,89.228,15.775)"><path id="x2E" d="M113 -12q-24 0 -39.5 16t-15.5 42q0 24 16 40.5t40 16.5t40 -16.5t16 -40.5q0 -26 -16 -42t-41 -16z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,93.104,15.775)"><use xlink:href="#x34"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,101.263,15.775)"><use xlink:href="#x31"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,113.196,15.775)"><path id="xB1" d="M535 290h-212v-206h-58v206h-213v50h213v193h58v-193h212v-50zM535 -22h-483v50h483v-50z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,126.965,15.775)"><use xlink:href="#x30"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,135.125,15.775)"><use xlink:href="#x2E"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,139,15.775)"><use xlink:href="#x30"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,147.16,15.775)"><path id="x33" d="M285 378v-2q65 -13 102 -54.5t37 -97.5q0 -57 -30.5 -104.5t-74 -75t-85.5 -42t-72 -14.5q-31 0 -59.5 11t-40.5 23q-19 18 -16 36q1 16 23 33q13 10 24 0q58 -51 124 -51q55 0 88 40t33 112q0 64 -39 96.5t-88 32.5q-29 0 -64 -11l-6 29q77 25 118 57.5t41 84.5&#xA;q0 45 -26.5 69.5t-68.5 24.5q-67 0 -120 -79l-20 20l43 63q51 56 127 56h1q66 0 107 -37t41 -95q0 -42 -31 -71q-22 -23 -68 -54z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,155.319,15.775)"><path id="x29" d="M275 270q0 -296 -211 -440l-19 23q75 62 116.5 174t41.5 243t-42 243t-116 173l19 24q211 -144 211 -440z" /></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,164.974,15.775)"><use xlink:href="#xD7"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,178.726,15.775)"><use xlink:href="#x31"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,186.886,15.775)"><use xlink:href="#x30"/></g>

			<g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,195.05,7.613)"><use xlink:href="#x2212"/></g><g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,202.035,7.613)"><path id="x38" d="M249 635q70 0 116 -43t46 -105q0 -46 -28 -80q-22 -25 -80 -64q62 -35 97 -75t35 -99q0 -81 -63 -131t-135 -50q-83 0 -137.5 45.5t-54.5 123.5q0 52 45 95q29 28 89 64q-109 62 -109 155q0 66 50.5 115t128.5 49zM238 603q-42 0 -67.5 -31t-25.5 -72q0 -50 32.5 -79.5&#xA;t98.5 -62.5q61 48 61 124q0 59 -29.5 90t-69.5 31zM248 20q46 0 76.5 33.5t30.5 89.5q0 50 -39 85.5t-110 71.5q-81 -54 -81 -137q0 -67 35.5 -105t87.5 -38z" /></g>

		
	
</svg>&#x2009;T<sup  >&#x2212;2</sup>cm<sup  >2</sup>mg<sup  >&#x2212;1</sup>, is consistent with the above estimate for <svg     style="vertical-align:-4.38708pt;width:50.224998px;" id="M6" height="16.887501" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 50.224998 16.887501" width="50.224998"  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	
		
			<g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,.062,11.363)"><use xlink:href="#x394"/></g><g transform="matrix(.017,-0,0,-.017,10.959,11.363)"><use xlink:href="#x1D712"/></g>

			<g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,20.85,16.688)"><use xlink:href="#x64"/></g><g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,27.133,16.688)"><use xlink:href="#x69"/></g><g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,30.321,16.688)"><use xlink:href="#x6D"/></g><g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,40.066,16.688)"><use xlink:href="#x65"/></g><g transform="matrix(.012,-0,0,-.012,45.123,16.688)"><use xlink:href="#x72"/></g>

		
	
</svg>. The method utilized for the determination of the tubulin dimer diamagnetic susceptibility is applicable to other proteins and macromolecular assemblies as well. 


Wim Bras

James Torbet

Gregory P. Diakun

Geert L. J. A. Rikken

J. Fernando Diaz

The Diamagnetic Susceptibility of the Tubulin Dimer

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Journal of Biophysics