A Systematic Review of the Coopetition Relationship between Bike-Sharing and Public Transit

Table 3

Research summary on the impact of bike-sharing on public transit ridership.

Serial number	Research objective	Research method	Key results	Source
1	The impact of bike-sharing’s emergence on bus and rail transit ridership across 273 cities in China from 2004 to 2017	The difference-in-difference (DID) model	(i) The emergence of bike-sharing decreased bus ridership by 17% in cities across China	Shi et al. [59]
			(ii) The emergence of bike-sharing increased rail ridership by 146% in cities across China
2	The influence of bike-sharing ridership on rail transit ridership in Beijing in 2017	DID model	(i) Every increase of 10,000 in bike-sharing ridership around one metro line increased rail ridership by 10%	Fan et al. [8]
			(ii) Every increase of 10,000 in bike-sharing ridership connecting to the metro around one metro line increased rail ridership by 16%
3	The impact of the advent of bike-sharing on bus use in New York between 2012 and 2014	DID model	(i) The emergence of bike-sharing weakened bus ridership, with every 1,000 rides resulting in a 1.69% reduction in ridership for each bus route	Campbell and Brakewood [60]
4	The influence of the advent of bike-sharing on bus ridership in Chengdu between 2016 and 2017	DID model	(i) Each shared bike increased bus ridership by 4.23 person-times per day on weekdays at the bus route level	Ma et al. [61]
			(ii) Each shared bike reduced bus ridership by 0.56 person-times per day on weekends at the bus route level
5	The impact of bike-sharing ridership on bus ridership in the area around North Dakota State University in 2015	Linear regression model considering error autocorrelation	(i) Every 100 bike-sharing rides reduced bus ridership by 44 person-times per day	Godavarthy et al. [62]
6	The impact of bike-sharing on rail transit ridership in Washington, D.C., in 2013	OLS model	(i) Every 10% increase in the number of shared bike rides resulted in a 2.8% increase in metro station ridership	Ma et al. [63]
7	The impact of a small-scale bike-sharing system on public transit ridership in Tucson in 2019	Synthetic control method	(i) Every increase of 1 trip in bike-sharing resulted in an increase of 0.55 trips for trams	Li et al. [64]