Time-Delay following Model for Connected and Automated Vehicles with Collision Conflicts and Forced Deceleration

Table 1

Benchmark functions.

Name	Function	Dimension	Definition field
F1	Sphere	200	[−100, 100]
F2	Schwefel 1.2	200	[−100, 100]
F3	Rosenbrock	30	[−30, 30]
F4	Rastrigin	100	[−5.12, 5.12]
F5	Griewank	100	[−100, 100]
F6	Kowalik	4	[−5, 5]