Hysteresis and the Unobserved Congestion Branch in the Macroscopic Fundamental Diagram: Theoretical Considerations and Modeling

Figure 12

Different types of distributions were attempted, but the congestion branch still cannot be reproduced. The bimodal distribution is used to formulate the demand in (a) and (c). (a) One example of a bimodal demand profile. (b) Hysteresis in MFD, emerging from the demand profile in (a). (c) The other example of a bimodal demand profile. (d) Hysteresis in MFD, emerging from the demand profile in (c).

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)