Research Article

Sustainability of the Air Cargo Handling Process in the Context of Safety and Environmental Aspects

Table 1

Safety and sustainable aspects of cargo handling process.

Handling process stepSafety aspects (S)Environmental aspects (E)

A-0.1 Requirements analysis(1) Incomplete and incorrect information from the consignor about the cargo and storage specifics(1) Space utilization
(2) The need for staff to send cargo to check that it can be carried by air(2) Energy utilization
(3) The load on the submitted documents has the wrong mass and number of pieces(3) Production of waste
(4) The cargo is not properly marked and packaged(4) Radiant energy (heat, light)
A-0.2 Resources and organization planning(1) Inadequate infrastructure and surface of cargo storage(1) Space utilization
(2) The security equipment (RTG) and its dimensions for checking the cargo in the warehouse are inadequate and do not meet national and international standards(2) Energy utilization
(3) Lack of education for RTG cargo screening staff (risk)(3) Production of waste
(4) Insufficient number of personnel for cargo handling in accordance with the type of aircraft (overload of existing staff)(4) Radiant energy (heat, light)
A-0.3 Preparation cargo and documents(1) Lack of staff training to complete the documents(1) Space utilization
(2) Errors in the entry of weight and quantity of cargo on documents(2) Energy utilization
(3) Unfamiliarity with the ground handling process (delay in distribution of documents)(3) Production of waste
(4) Ignorance of the functionality of aircraft ground handling equipment and consignment consolidation units to be used for cargo transportation (ULD, pallets, igloo)(4) Radiant energy (heat, light)
(5) Potential injury to warehouse employees(5) Air emissions
(6) Discharge into water
(7) Discharge into the soil
A-0.4 Cargo handling process

A-0.4.1.1 Unloading cargo of aircraft(1) Collision of aircraft ground handling and other equipment with aircraft on the apron(1) Space utilization
(2) Health hazard of Auxiliary Power Unit (APU) noise (in case of neglect of wearing protective hearing equipment)(2) Energy utilization
(3) Leakage of fuel or any liquid from the handling equipment of the aircraft or the aircraft itself(3) Production of waste
(4) Injury/mortality of employees during unloading of cargo from aircraft Heavy Cargo (HEA), Dry Ice (ICE, …)(4) Radiant energy (heat, light, vibration)
(5) The packaging of the cargo is damaged, and its contents directly affect the personnel and the equipment unloading it (poison, flammable liquids)(5) Air emissions
(6) Incoming airport does not have adequate ground handling equipment to accept cargo on arrival (improvised equipment is used)
(7) Containment and neglect of dangerous and special cargo on the aircraft stand during high temperatures
(8) Cargo is left in front of the aircraft unattended (possible theft or uncontrolled movement)
(9) Robbery of valuable cargo unloaded from an aircraft (e.g. VAL shipment)—airside

A-0.4.1.2 Transportation in the cargo warehouse(1) In case of insufficient cargo securing, potential drop of cargo on the parking lot or service road from the dollies during transport to the warehouse(1) Energy utilization
(2) Safety risk and destruction of cargo value if not adequately covered on dollies under various adverse meteorological conditions(2) Production of waste
(3) Collision of equipment transporting cargo towards the warehouse with other equipment, aircraft or infrastructure(3) Radiant energy (heat, light, noise, vibration)
(4) Air emissions

A-0.4.2.1 Breakdown ULD’s(1) Injury to employees when opening the ULD (unless the load is well stacked)(1) Space utilization
(2) Potential leakage or spillage of content from the ULD can compromise its manipulation(2) Energy utilization
(3) Improper use of equipment may damage the ULD(3) Production of waste
(4) Radiant energy (heat, light, noise)
(5) Air emissions
A-0.4.2.2 Incoming checks and administration(1) Simplified checks can lead to major security glitches(1) Space utilization
(2) Possible overlook due to inadequate knowledge of standards and recommended practice in cargo handling(2) Energy utilization
(3) Production of waste
(4) Radiant energy (heat, light, radiation)
(5) Air emissions

A-0.4.2.3 Sorting and documentation(1) Inadequate storage of cargo(1) Space utilization
(2) Inadequate equipment for cargo palatalization (improvisation)(2) Energy utilization
(3) Inadequate documentation(3) Production of waste
(4) Radiant energy (heat, light, noise, vibration)
(5) Air emissions
A-0.4.2.4 Outgoing checks and administration(1) Simplified checks of documentation and packing of cargo before being taken on board an aircraft(1) Space utilization
(2) Inadequate documentation(2) Energy utilization
(3) Production of waste
(4) Radiant energy (heat, light, radiation)
(5) Air emissions
A-0.4.2.5 Security check(1) Use of inadequate RTG equipment to protect cargo inspection when entering the airside zone(1) Space utilization
(2) Determination of the type of cargo which may not be carried by air (large quantities of radioactive material)(2) Energy utilization
(3) Production of waste
(4) Radiant energy (heat, light, radiation)
(5) Air emissions
A-0.4.2.6 Build ULD’s(1) Use of inadequate equipment when loading cargo into ULDs(1) Space utilization
(2) Use of defective ULDs(2) Energy utilization
(3) Setting up ULD cards with wrong cargo information(3) Production of waste
(4) Improper binding of cargo to/in ULDs(4) Radiant energy (heat, light, noise)
(5) Air emissions

A-0.4.3.1 Transportation to aircraft(1) Transporting ULDs on dollies that are not specialized for ULDs(1) Energy utilization
(2) The possibility of dropping cargo along the service road and the apron during transportation from warehouse to aircraft(2) Radiant energy (heat, light, noise, vibration)
(3) Potential damage to cargo due to transport from warehouse to aircraft(3) Air emissions
A-0.4.3.2 Load aircraft(1) Wrongly planned aircraft load plan based on incorrectly supplied data from the warehouse(1) Space utilization
(2) Use of inadequate aircraft ground handling equipment in accordance with cargo specifics(2) Energy utilization
(3) Use of faulty equipment(3) Production of waste
(4) Lack of training of personnel operating the airport equipment(4) Radiant energy (heat, light, noise, vibration)
(5) Inadequate mooring of cargo or ULD on board (possible change of the Centre of Gravity during all phases of flight(5) Air emissions

A-0.5 Final activities(1) Failure to inform the aircraft captain of the dangerous or special cargo loaded(1) Space utilization
(2) Unsigned documents by all participants in the process(2) Energy utilization
(3) Neglect to send a SITA LDM message to the destination airport(3) Production of waste
(4) Radiant energy (heat, light)
(5) Air emissions
(6) Discharge into water
(7) Discharge into the soil