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Author(s) (year) | Type | Location | Methods | Key findings |
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Parent et al. (2013) | Report | Europe∗ | Risk analysis | (i) A four-step procedure for risk analysis in autonomous bus systems is recommended |
(ii) The steps are as follows: (1) risk reduction analysis; (2) determining application of safety regulations; (3) implementing the system; and (4) certification and validating the system |
Csepinszky et al. (2014) | Report | Europe∗ | Legal review and interviews | (i) Liability (three types: contractual, product, and tort) is a clear issue |
(ii) Lack of a legal framework is an important issue |
(iii) Eight recommendations to address legal and liability issues were made (e.g., disseminating necessary information to vehicle users while they are using the system) |
Executive Office of the President, The White House (2016) | Government report | United States | Macro-economic and labor analysis | (i) Possible policy strategies based on potential impacts of AI include the following: |
(1) “Invest in and develop AI for many benefits” |
(2) “Educate and train Americans for jobs of the future” |
(3) “Aid workers in the transition and empower workers to ensure broadly shared growth” |
Transportation Research Board, National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (2017) | Report | United States | Expert workshop, review | (i) AV transit technology can shape both long-range transit planning and regional planning and coordination |
(ii) Some of the government laws that would have major impacts on AV transit technology are as follows: |
(1) Employee protection |
(2) Workplace safety |
(3) ADA regulation |
(4) Buy America |
(5) National Highway Traffic Safety |
(6) Administration (NHTSA) reports |
Lazarus et al. (2018) | Book chapter | United States | Expert workshop | (i) Experts identified seven main policy areas for public transport and shared automated mobility: “safety, efficiency, affordability, equity, user experience, ecology, and public-private integration” |
(ii) Transit operators should strategically use automation for shared ride vehicles in areas where transit ridership is low |
(iii) Quality of the public transportation system will be improved at the intersection of autonomous vehicles, electrification, and shared mobility |
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