Effects of Mind-Body Qigong Exercise on Overall Health, Fatigue/Sleep, and Cognition in Older Chinese Immigrants in the US: An Intervention Study with Control

Table 3

Between-group comparison on cognition and self-report health outcomes.

	Group		Time		Group × time
	F	P value	F	P value	F	P value
Health (SHMS)	1.753	0.190	0.285	0.595	5.336	0.024
Sleep (PSQI)	5.403	0.023	0.001	0.997	3.147	0.081
Good/poor sleeper	3.476	0.062	0.216	0.642	8.514	0.004
Fatigue (FSS)	3.055	0.085	0.374	0.543	7.290	0.009
Memory (d’)	0.680	0.413	0.045	0.833	8.771	0.004
Vigilance (speed)	3.493	0.066	2.120	0.151	0.002	0.961
Vigilance (RT)	2.653	0.108	0.961	0.331	0.073	0.788

SD, standard deviation. Models are controlled for age, gender, education, occupation before retirement, marital status, and BMI, and sleep-relevant models are additionally controlled for nap frequency. Results from the generalized estimating equations (GEE) model on a binary variable of a good or poor sleeper. Good sleeper, PSQI score ≤5. Poor sleeper, PSQI score >5. Type III Wald chi-square statistics were reported. The bold values indicate the significant p values.