Effects of Mind-Body Qigong Exercise on Overall Health, Fatigue/Sleep, and Cognition in Older Chinese Immigrants in the US: An Intervention Study with Control
Table 2
Within-group effects on cognition and self-report health outcomes.
Variable
Pretest mean (SD)
Posttest mean (SD)
Paired differences (95% CI)
t/Z
P value
Overall health (SHMS) (, )
Intervention
123.96 (15.96)
128.89 (16.51)
−4.933 (−9.424 to −0.443)
−2.214
0.032
Control
126.58 (15.86)
124.81 (17.53)
1.774 (−3.059 to 6.608)
0.750
0.459
Subjective sleep report (PSQI) (, )
Intervention
8.43 (4.74)
7.55 (4.67)
0.872 (−0.356 to 0.2.101)
1.429
0.160
GS, N (%)
14 (29.8)
20 (42.6)
—
−1.897
0.058
PS, N (%)
33 (70.2)
27 (57.4)
Control
10.26 (5.32)
10.13 (4.81)
0.129 (−1.087 to 1.345)
0.217
0.830
GS, N (%)
8 (25.8)
4 (12.9)
—
−2.000
0.046
PS, N (%)
23 (74.2)
27 (87.1)
Self-report fatigue (FSS) (, )
Intervention
38.53 (11.22)
31.36 (11.05)
7.170 (3.107 to 11.233)
3.552
0.001
Control
37.61 (12.86)
39.68 (14.31)
−2.065 (−6.892 to 2.763)
−0.873
0.389
Memory (d’) (, )
Intervention
1.08 (0.729)
1.31 (0.721)
−0.229 (−0.413 to −0.046)
−2.527
0.015
Control
1.21 (0.615)
0.917 (0.655)
0.293 (0.075 to 0.512)
2.758
0.010
Vigilance (response speed) (, )
Intervention
2.67 (0.592)
2.90 (0.441)
−0.221 (−0.359 to −0.0834)
−3.240
0.002
Control
2.58 (0.544)
2.73 (0.586)
−0.156 (−0.317 to −0.005)
−1.983
0.057
Vigilance (response time) (, )
Intervention
391.67 (122.52)
348.31 (62.30)
43.36 (10.12 to 76.59)
2.635
0.012
Control
418.67 (203.25)
406.50 (265.28)
12.17 (−36.21 to 60.54)
0.514
0.611
SD, standard deviation; , number of samples in the intervention group; , number of samples in the control group; Z, Wilcoxon signed-rank test statistics; d’, z-transformed hit rates minus z-transformed false alarm rates (higher rates indicate better memory); PSQI, higher scores indicate more sleep problems; SHMS, higher scores indicate better health; FSS, higher scores indicate more severe fatigue; GS, good sleeper (PSQI score ≤5); PS, poor sleeper (PSQI score >5). The bold values indicate the significant p values.
