Effects of Mind-Body Qigong Exercise on Overall Health, Fatigue/Sleep, and Cognition in Older Chinese Immigrants in the US: An Intervention Study with Control

Table 1

Demographics of intervention and control groups.

	Total (N = 88)	Intervention (N = 53)	Control (N = 35)		P value
Age, mean (SD) (range)	78.13 (5.05) (66 to 93)	78.43 (4.98) (69 to 93)	77.66 (5.18) (66 to 88)	0.705	0.483
Gender, N (%)				1.261	0.261
Male	13 (14.8)	6 (11.3)	7 (20.0)
Female	75 (85.2)	47 (88.7)	28 (80.0)
Educational level, N (%)				5.947	0.203
Primary school and below	14 (15.9)	10 (18.9)	4 (11.4)
Middle school	19 (21.6)	11 (20.8)	8 (22.9)
High school	15 (17.0)	11 (20.8)	4 (11.4)
Vocational school	9 (10.2)	7 (13.2)	2 (5.7)
University or college and above	31 (35.2)	14 (26.4)	17 (48.6)
Occupation before retirement, N (%)				10.799	0.148
Civil servant	6 (6.8)	3 (5.7)	3 (8.6)
Office worker	17 (19.3)	10 (18.9)	7 (20.0)
Specialist	40 (45.5)	19 (35.8)	21 (60.0)
Business personnel	3 (3.4)	3 (5.7)	0 (0.0)
Private business owner	2 (2.3)	2 (3.8)	0 (0.0)
Housewife	2 (2.3)	1 (1.9)	1 (2.9)
Freelancer	3 (3.4)	3 (5.7)	0 (0.0)
Other occupation	15 (17.0)	12 (22.6)	3 (8.6)
Marital status, N (%)				5.158	0.271
Never married	2 (2.3)	0 (0.0)	2 (5.7)
Married	56 (63.6)	32 (60.4)	24 (68.6)
Divorced	2 (2.3)	1 (1.9)	1 (2.9)
Widowed	27 (30.7)	19 (35.8)	8 (22.9)
Separated	1 (1.1)	1 (1.9)	0 (0.0)
BMI (kg/m^2), mean (SD) (range)	24.81 (3.43) (16.77 to 35.49)	24.97 (3.20) (17.19 to 33.71)	24.55 (3.83) (16.77 to 35.49)	0.540	0.590
Nap frequency, N (%)				6.199	0.102
Never	18 (22.2)	8 (16.0)	10 (32.3)
1-2 times/week	13 (16.0)	6 (12.0)	7 (22.6)
3-4 times/week	14 (17.4)	11 (22.0)	3 (9.7)
5–7 times/week	36 (44.4)	25 (50.0)	11 (35.5)