Dynamic Associations of Change in Physical Activity and Change in Cognitive Function: Coordinated Analyses of Four Longitudinal Studies
Table 5
Mixed effects model summaries across four studies with baseline physical activity and activity change predicting four cognitive outcomes.
OCTO-Twin
LBLS
SLS
VLS
SE
SE
SE
SE
Reasoning
Intercept
10.66
0.56
<.001
21.53
0.56
<.001
37.88
1.02
<.001
9.53
0.59
<.001
Age
–0.37
0.12
0.002
–0.62
0.05
<.001
–0.35
0.01
<.001
–0.25
0.02
<.001
Sex
0.90
0.68
0.186
2.12
0.81
0.009
1.67
0.24
<.001
–0.01
0.31
0.969
Education
0.57
0.13
<.001
1.30
0.14
<.001
0.52
0.04
<.001
0.33
0.05
<.001
Activity
1.19
0.40
0.003
–0.50
0.40
0.209
–0.57
0.89
0.519
0.01
0.03
0.827
Age activity
0.06
0.14
0.699
0.03
0.04
0.502
0.01
0.01
0.398
0.00
0.00
0.587
Education activity
–0.09
0.13
0.479
–0.12
0.14
0.372
0.00
0.04
0.983
0.00
0.01
0.840
Time
–0.51
0.09
<.001
–0.46
0.09
<.001
0.15
0.10
0.141
–0.24
0.03
<.001
Age time
–0.02
0.02
0.296
–0.02
0.01
0.001
–0.01
0.00
<.001
–0.01
0.00
<.001
Sex time
0.13
0.10
0.206
0.09
0.11
0.445
0.02
0.03
0.318
0.00
0.03
0.968
Education time
0.02
0.02
0.258
–0.06
0.02
0.007
–0.01
0.00
0.090
–0.01
0.00
0.065
Activity time
0.06
0.07
0.354
0.04
0.06
0.506
0.01
0.01
0.183
0.00
0.00
0.332
Activity change
0.85
0.21
<.001
0.54
0.24
0.028
0.18
0.09
0.045
0.05
0.02
0.013
Fluency
Intercept
31.19
0.62
<.001
58.66
2.55
<.001
11.73
0.56
<.001
Age
–0.25
0.05
<.001
–0.34
0.04
<.001
–0.10
0.03
<.001
Sex
4.25
0.90
<.001
3.54
0.59
<.001
0.46
0.36
0.200
Education
1.04
0.16
<.001
1.29
0.11
<.001
0.64
0.05
<.001
Activity
0.45
0.45
0.314
4.45
22.4
0.047
–0.06
0.03
0.098
Age activity
0.07
0.05
0.159
–0.06
0.03
0.070
0.00
0.00
0.952
Education activity
–0.29
0.15
0.059
–0.02
0.09
0.844
–0.01
0.01
0.159
Time
–0.27
0.11
0.013
0.78
0.23
0.001
–0.13
0.03
<.001
Age Time
–0.03
0.01
0.001
–0.02
0.00
<.001
–0.01
0.00
0.002
Sex Time
–0.22
0.15
0.132
0.13
0.05
0.007
0.07
0.04
0.070
Education Time
0.00
0.03
0.983
–0.01
0.01
0.106
0.00
0.01
0.950
Activity Time
0.03
0.08
0.680
0.05
0.02
0.048
0.01
0.00
0.045
Activity Change
0.05
0.35
0.894
0.41
0.20
0.043
0/07
0.03
0.003
Memory
Intercept
8.59
0.31
<.001
10.78
0.20
<.001
23.50
0.74
<.001
17.36
0.42
<.001
Age
–0.22
0.06
<.001
–0.19
0.02
<.001
–0.18
0.01
<.001
–0.19
0.02
<.001
Sex
1.14
0.38
<.002
1.55
0.30
<.001
1.65
0.17
<.001
1.65
0.27
<.001
Education
0.39
0.07
<.001
0.29
0.05
<.001
0.32
0.03
<.001
0.32
0.04
<.001
Activity
0.48
0.22
0.003
0.15
0.15
0.312
–0.17
0.65
0.789
0.05
0.03
0.042
Age Activity
–0.09
0.08
0.232
0.00
0.02
0.817
0.00
0.01
0.671
0.00
0.00
0.223
Education Activity
0.02
0.07
0.837
–0.05
0.05
0.346
–0.03
0.03
0.215
0.00
0.01
0.607
Time
–0.32
0.07
0.001
–0.17
0.05
0.001
0.33
0.08
<.001
–0.27
0.03
<.001
Age Time
–0.01
0.01
0.700
0.00
0.00
0.578
–0.01
0.00
<.001
–0.01
0.00
<.001
Sex Time
0.08
0.08
0.319
–0.04
0.07
0.601
0.03
0.02
0.077
–0.02
0.03
0.469
Education Time
0.01
0.02
0.972
0.01
0.01
0.379
0.00
0.00
0.449
–0.01
0.00
0.232
Activity Time
–0.02
0.05
0.660
–0.02
0.04
0.531
0.02
0.01
0.078
0.00
0.00
0.202
Activity Change
0.44
0.15
0.004
–0.08
0.15
0.593
0.08
0.08
0.309
0.06
0.02
0.001
Semantic knowledge
Intercept
30.21
0.85
<.001
38.36
0.56
<.001
23.41
1.29
<.001
43.86
0.71
<.001
Age
–0.60
0.17
<.001
–0.26
0.05
<.001
0.01
0.02
0.531
0.08
0.03
0.013
Sex
–3.88
1.04
<.001
1.47
0.81
0.069
0.56
0.30
0.069
0.02
0.47
0.971
Education
1.60
0.21
<.001
1.11
0.14
<.001
1.11
0.05
<.001
0.77
0.07
<.001
Activity
0.85
0.57
0.134
–0.54
0.40
0.174
1.61
1.14
–0.160
–0.02
0.04
0.716
Age Activity
0.02
0.20
0.914
–0.02
0.04
0.672
–0.02
0.02
0.174
0.01
0.01
0.331
Education Activity
–0.22
0.21
0.307
–0.31
0.14
0.023
–0.11
0.05
0.020
–0.01
0.01
0.588
Time
–0.93
0.12
<.001
–0.44
0.09
<.001
0.45
0.08
<.001
–0.14
0.03
<.001
Age Time
–0.05
0.03
0.056
–0.04
0.01
<.001
–0.01
0.00
<.001
–0.01
0.00
<.001
Sex Time
0.27
0.14
0.054
0.08
0.12
0.486
0.07
0.02
<.001
0.01
0.04
0.736
Education Time
0.03
0.03
0.279
–0.03
0.02
0.134
0.00
0.00
0.792
–0.01
0.01
0.152
Activity Time
–0.02
0.09
0.804
0.10
0.07
0.147
0.01
0.01
0.087
0.00
0.00
0.319
Activity Change
1.06
0.26
<.001
–0.04
0.25
0.881
0.11
0.08
0.148
0.02
0.02
0.258
Values represent model coefficients and their standard error. Across all studies, time was measured in years since baseline visit, and activity change was entered as a time-varying covariate. All other variables represent baseline measurements alone, in interaction with one another, or in interaction with time.