Social Activity and Cognitive Functioning Over Time: A Coordinated Analysis of Four Longitudinal Studies
Table 5
Mixed model results of four longitudinal studies.
OCTO-Twin
LBLS
SLS
VLS
b
SE
b
SE
b
SE
b
SE
Reasoning
Intercept
10.89
0.55
<.01
21.43
0.53
<.01
14.65
0.17
<.01
9.52
0.59
<.01
Age
−0.33
0.12
.01
−0.62
0.04
<.01
−0.35
0.01
<.01
−0.26
0.02
<.01
Female
0.68
0.67
.31
1.86
0.77
.02
1.57
0.24
<.01
−0.15
0.31
.62
Education
0.56
0.13
<.01
1.30
0.13
<.01
0.52
0.04
<.01
0.32
0.05
<.01
Social activity
1.01
0.28
<.01
0.08
0.25
.74
0.11
0.08
.14
0.05
0.02
.03
Age social activity
−0.02
0.11
.83
0.08
0.03
<.01
0.01
0.01
.15
0.00
0.00
.40
Education social activity
0.04
0.11
.71
−0.04
0.08
.67
−0.03
0.03
.26
−0.01
0.01
.69
Slope
−0.44
0.08
<.01
−0.50
0.08
<.01
−0.25
0.02
<.01
−0.25
0.03
<.01
Age
−0.02
0.02
.28
−0.03
0.01
<.01
−0.01
0.00
<.01
−0.01
0.00
<.01
Female
0.08
0.09
.42
0.08
0.11
.48
0.01
0.02
.51
0.01
0.03
.76
Education
0.01
0.02
.56
−0.05
0.02
<.01
−0.01
0.00
.11
−0.01
0.00
.08
Social activity
0.06
0.05
.24
0.04
0.04
.30
0.02
0.01
.02
0.00
0.00
.44
Social activity change
0.65
0.15
<.01
0.04
0.17
.83
0.13
0.06
.04
0.03
0.00
.02
Fluency
Intercept
31.01
0.61
<.01
36.11
0.44
<.01
11.5
0.56
<.01
Age
−0.30
0.05
<.01
−0.34
0.04
<.01
−0.10
0.03
<.01
Female
3.39
0.88
<.01
3.36
0.60
<.01
0.51
0.36
.16
Education
1.05
0.15
<.01
1.31
0.11
<.01
0.63
0.05
<.01
Social activity
0.99
0.29
<.01
0.24
0.19
.20
0.04
0.03
.12
Age social activity
0.03
0.03
.40
0.00
0.02
.89
−0.01
0.01
.29
Education social activity
−0.11
0.10
.24
0.04
0.07
.59
−0.01
0.01
.07
Slope
−0.24
0.11
.02
−0.43
0.04
<.01
−0.12
0.03
<.01
Age
−0.03
0.01
<.01
−0.02
0.00
<.01
−0.01
0.01
<.01
Female
−0.20
0.15
.18
0.11
0.05
.02
0.06
0.04
.16
Education
−0.01
0.03
.65
−0.01
0.01
.15
−0.01
0.01
.74
Social activity
0.07
0.05
.15
0.02
0.02
.26
0.01
0.01
.83
Social activity change
0.73
0.25
<.01
0.18
0.15
.21
0.06
0.02
<.01
Memory
Intercept
8.70
0.32
<.01
10.80
0.20
<.01
11.56
0.13
<.01
17.28
0.41
<.01
Age
−0.20
0.06
<.01
−0.19
0.02
<.01
−0.18
0.01
<.01
−0.19
0.02
<.01
Female
0.99
0.39
.01
1.50
0.28
<.01
1.59
0.17
<.01
1.45
0.27
<.01
Education
0.34
0.07
<.01
0.29
0.05
<.01
0.32
0.03
<.01
0.31
0.04
<.01
Social activity
0.34
0.07
<.01
0.00
0.09
.98
0.14
0.06
.01
0.06
0.02
<.01
Age social activity
−0.09
0.06
.10
0.01
0.0
.61
0.00
0.01
.51
−0.01
0.01
.95
Education social activity
0.01
0.06
.91
−0.02
0.03
.57
−0.02
0.02
.18
−0.01
0.01
.19
Slope
−0.26
0.07
<.01
−0.18
0.05
<.01
−0.17
0.01
<.01
−0.27
0.03
<.01
Age
0.00
0.02
.97
0.00
0.01
.46
−0.01
0.00
<.01
−0.01
0.01
<.01
Female
0.05
0.08
.55
−0.03
0.07
.64
0.02
0.02
.15
−0.02
0.03
.56
Education
−0.01
0.02
.73
0.01
0.01
.40
0.00
0.00
.58
−0.01
0.01
.15
Social activity
0.07
0.04
.07
0.03
0.02
.15
0.01
0.01
.37
0.01
0.01
.25
Social activity change
0.47
0.11
<.01
0.11
0.10
.30
0.12
0.06
.03
0.06
0.01
<.01
Semantic knowledge
Intercept
30.49
0.86
<.01
38.19
0.54
<.01
24.08
0.22
<.01
43.77
0.71
<.01
Age
−0.55
0.17
<.01
−0.28
0.04
<.01
0.02
0.02
.35
0.08
0.03
.02
Female
−4.20
1.05
<.01
1.19
0.78
.13
0.70
0.30
.02
−0.01
0.46
.99
Education
1.43
0.19
<.01
1.03
0.14
<.01
1.12
0.05
<.01
0.77
0.07
<.01
Social activity
0.87
0.40
.03
0.10
0.25
.70
−0.22
0.10
.02
0.02
0.03
.63
Age social activity
−0.10
0.15
.47
0.08
0.03
<.01
−0.01
0.01
.61
0.01
0.01
.77
Education social activity
0.03
0.17
.84
−0.06
0.09
.50
−0.05
0.03
.15
0.01
0.01
.61
Slope
−0.85
0.11
<.01
−0.46
0.08
<.01
−0.12
0.01
<.01
−0.16
0.03
<.01
Age
−0.05
0.02
.03
−0.04
0.01
<.01
−0.01
0.00
<.01
−0.01
0.01
<.01
Female
0.19
0.13
.15
0.12
0.12
.30
0.06
0.02
<.01
0.03
0.04
.42
Education
0.03
0.03
.29
−0.02
0.02
.32
0.00
0.00
.78
−0.01
0.01
.18
Social activity
0.11
0.07
.12
0.01
0.04
.95
0.01
0.01
.01
−0.01
0.01
.40
Social activity change
0.86
0.19
<.01
0.17
0.17
.33
0.08
0.06
.13
−0.01
0.01
.93
Values represent model coefficients and their standard error. Across all studies, time was measured in years since baseline visit and activity change was entered as a time-varying covariate. All other variables represent baseline measurements alone, in interaction with one another, or in interaction with time.