Resistance Training and Older Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Strength of the Evidence
Table 6
Summary of resistance training effect on outcome measures.
Outcome
Hedge’s
value
Effect description (statistical significance)
Disease processes
−0.271¥
0.008
Medium (significant)
BP (systolic/diastolic mmHg)
− 0.540
<0.001
Large (significant)
HbA1c (%)
−0.463
0.145
Medium (not significant)
Total and LDL cholesterol
−0.464
0.002
medium (significant)
Fasting glucose
−0.121
0.559
Small (not significant)
Fasting insulin
0.505
0.016
Medium (significant)
HDL cholesterol
0.134
0.517
Small (not significant)
Body composition
0.199
0.197
Small (not significant)
Lean body mass
0.395
0.220
Small (not significant)
Fat body mass
0.066
0.749
Small (not significant)
Muscle strength
1.05
<0.001
Large (significant)
Lower body muscle strength
1.415
<0.001
Large (significant)
Upper body muscle strength
0.974
<0.001
Large (significant)
Whole body muscle strength
0.802
0.002
Large (significant)
*Further muscle measures
Exercise
Control
value
Quality
Baseline
<0.001
Final
Type I CSA (μm2)
Baseline
0.04
Final
Type II CSA (μm2)
Baseline
0.04
Final
BP-blood pressure; HbA1c: glycosylated hemoglobin; LDL: low density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; CSA: cross sectional area. ¥Negative values denote a decrease in the outcome measure (i.e., this is a positive effect, since a reduction in disease processes, such as lowered BP, LDL, and HBA1c, indicates an improvement in disease management).
*Further muscle measures were not entered into CMA; all values are means ± SE, taken from [17].