The Impact of Physical Activity on Disability Incidence among Older Adults in Mexico and the United States

Table 4

Multinomial models for outcome at time 2 for persons without ADL limitations at Time 1, united states and mexico.

	Model 1			Model 2			Model 3			Model 4
	United States			Mexico			Panel model			Panel model with interaction
	One ADL	2 ADLs +	Death	One ADL	2 ADLs +	Death	One ADL	2 ADLs +	Death	One ADL	2 ADLs +	Death
Age	1.06∗∗∗	1.07∗∗∗	1.09∗∗∗	1.05∗∗∗	1.07∗∗∗	1.07∗∗∗	1.05∗∗∗	1.07∗∗∗	1.08∗∗∗	1.05∗∗∗	1.07∗∗∗	1.08∗∗∗
	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.00)	(0.01)	(0.00)	(0.00)	(0.01)	(0.00)
Female	1.08	1.23	0.50∗∗∗	1.40∗∗	1.46∗∗	0.59∗∗∗	1.20∗	1.36∗∗	0.55∗∗∗	1.23∗∗	1.38∗∗	0.55∗∗∗
	(0.11)	(0.18)	(0.05)	(0.18)	(0.20)	(0.08)	(0.09)	(0.13)	(0.04)	(0.10)	(0.14)	(0.04)
Single	0.60∗∗∗	0.93	0.63∗∗	1.03	1.16	1.47	0.74∗∗	0.95	0.96	0.77∗	0.96	0.97
	(0.09)	(0.24)	(0.10)	(0.20)	(0.22)	(0.30)	(0.08)	(0.13)	(0.11)	(0.08)	(0.13)	(0.11)
Widowed	0.85	1.24	0.84	1.12	0.95	1.72∗∗∗	1.04	1.06	1.35∗	1.06	1.07	1.36∗
	(0.14)	(0.34)	(0.15)	(0.17)	(0.15)	(0.27)	(0.12)	(0.14)	(0.16)	(0.12)	(0.14)	(0.16)
Education	0.96∗	0.93∗∗	0.95∗∗	0.95∗∗	0.90∗∗∗	0.98	0.95∗∗∗	0.91∗∗∗	0.97∗	0.95∗∗∗	0.91∗∗∗	0.97∗
	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.01)
Wealth med	0.77∗	0.94	0.64∗∗∗	0.85	0.93	0.97	0.80∗	0.94	0.74∗∗	0.80∗	0.94	0.74∗∗
	(0.09)	(0.16)	(0.08)	(0.12)	(0.13)	(0.15)	(0.07)	(0.10)	(0.07)	(0.07)	(0.10)	(0.07)
Wealth high	0.59∗∗∗	0.66∗	0.53∗∗∗	0.88	0.83	0.75	0.68∗∗∗	0.74∗	0.60∗∗∗	0.68∗∗∗	0.75∗	0.60∗∗∗
	(0.07)	(0.12)	(0.07)	(0.13)	(0.13)	(0.12)	(0.06)	(0.09)	(0.06)	(0.07)	(0.09)	(0.06)
Urban	0.85	0.85	1.08	0.84	1.00	1.30	0.86∗	0.93	1.17	0.86	0.93	1.18
	(0.08)	(0.12)	(0.11)	(0.11)	(0.13)	(0.18)	(0.07)	(0.09)	(0.10)	(0.07)	(0.09)	(0.10)
Insurance	0.86	0.93	1.22	1.23	1.22	0.86	1.13	1.19	0.94	1.16	1.20	0.95
	(0.24)	(0.44)	(0.45)	(0.16)	(0.16)	(0.12)	(0.13)	(0.15)	(0.12)	(0.14)	(0.15)	(0.12)
Exercise	0.35∗∗∗	0.36∗∗∗	0.43∗∗∗	0.89	0.55∗∗∗	0.52∗∗∗	0.48∗∗∗	0.44∗∗∗	0.45∗∗∗	0.35∗∗∗	0.35∗∗∗	0.42∗∗∗
	(0.04)	(0.06)	(0.04)	(0.12)	(0.09)	(0.08)	(0.04)	(0.05)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.06)	(0.04)
Country							0.42∗∗∗	0.72	0.51∗∗∗	0.35∗∗∗	0.66∗	0.49∗∗∗
							(0.06)	(0.14)	(0.08)	(0.05)	(0.13)	(0.08)
Country* exercise										2.51∗∗∗	1.55∗	1.20
										(0.42)	(0.34)	(0.23)
Number of obs	10,683			9,184			19,867			19,867
Pseudo-𝑅-square	0.0969			0.0637			0.0827			0.0845
LR chi2	994.01			484.73			1484.9			1517.06
Prob>chi2	0.000			0.000			0.000			0.000

Notes: HRS included persons age 51 and older at time 1; MHAS included 52 years and older at time 1; ADL: activities of daily living; cells indicate relative risk ratios, standard Errors in parentheses, reference category; no ADL limitations at time 2.
^∗∗∗𝑃-value < .001, ^∗∗𝑃-value < .01, ^∗𝑃-value < .05.