Recent Advances and Perspectives on the Sources and Detection of Antibiotics in Aquatic Environments

Table 3

Summary of optical/electrochemical biosensors for the detection of antibiotics.

Biosensor	Sensor type	Bioreceptor	Analytes	LOQ (ng/mL)		LOD	Reference
				Lower limit	Upper limit
Optical biosensors	Fluorescent biosensors	Aptamer	Ampicillin	0.1	100	0.07	[100]
		Aptamer	Oxytetracycline	25	1000	25	[85]
		Aptamer	Kanamycin	0.242	9.68	0.155	[101]
		Aptamer	Streptomycin	NA	NA	31.7	[102]
	Colorimetric biosensors	Aptamer	Kanamycin	9.7 × 10^−3	2.42	4.85 × 10^−3	[103]
		Enzyme	Oxytetracycline	23	4.6 × 10^2	12	[78]
		Enzyme	Tetracycline	44.4	444	20
		Enzyme	Doxycycline	23.1	462	22.2
		Aptamer	Streptomycin	NA	NA	42.5	[104]
		Aptamer	Chloramphenicol	0.323	38.76	0.14	[105]
	Chemiluminescent biosensors	Aptamer	Kanamycin	NA	NA	0.03	[106]
		Aptamer	Streptomycin	NA	NA	0.33
		Aptamer	Chloramphenicol	0.01	0.20	0.01	[107]
	Surface plasmon resonance biosensors	Antibody	Amoxicillin	0.1	2.0	0.022	[108]
		Antibody	Fluoroquinolone	NA	NA	0.07	[81]
		—	Erythromycin	4.99 × 10^3	4.99 × 10^4	290	[109]
Electrochemical biosensors	Amperometric biosensors	Aptamer	Kanamycin	NA	NA	4.23 × 10^−2	[110]
		Aptamer	Streptomycin	NA	NA	2.62 × 10^−2
		Aptamer	Oxytetracycline	10	75	1.125	[111]
	Photoelectrochemical biosensors	Aptamer	Chloramphenicol	3.23 × 10^−4	32.3	0.7 × 10^−4	[112]
	Impedimetric biosensors	Aptamer	Penicillin	0.1	200	0.057	[113]
		Aptamer	Ampicillin	3.49 × 10^−2	3.49 × 10^4	NA	[114]
		Aptamer	Kanamycin A	4.84	4.84 × 10^6	NA
		Aptamer	Penicillin	0.1	200	0.057	[113]
		Antibody	Tetracycline	0.08	1.0	0.0321	[115]
		Antibody	Tetracycline	4.44 × 10^−6	444	1.69 × 10^−6	[116]
		Aptamer	Ampicillin	6.3	900	NA	[117]