Rapid and Automated Analytical Methods for Redox Species Based on Potentiometric Flow Injection Analysis Using Potential Buffers

Table 1

Determination of ethanol content in alcoholic beverages.

Ethanol content, % (v/v)
Certified value	Specific gravity method	GC method	FIA method (without G.D.)	Proposed method (G.D.)
Beer^a 4.5	4.5	4.3	6.6	4.4
Wine <14		11.5	16.5	11.5
Sake 16-17	16.8	16.0	19.5	16.1
Whisky 43		42.5	42.6	42.6
Shochu 25		24.5	24.6	25.0

^aThe sample was debubbled for 20 min before analysis.