Altruism, Noise, and the Paradox of Voter Turnout: An Experimental Study

Table 7

Logit with subject-level random effects and cluster-robust standard errors (marginal effects).

	All rounds			Rounds 11–20			Rounds 1–10
	Turnout	Favored	Unfavored	Turnout	Favored	Unfavored	Unfavored
History: average	−0.367^***	−0.508^***	0.037	−0.415^*	−0.435^*	−2.863^*	0.462
	(0.10)	(0.10)	(0.31)	(0.23)	(0.23)	(1.36)	(0.34)
Number consecutive losses	−0.008^**	−0.012^***	0.001^***	−0.004	−0.009	0.000^**	−0.001
	(0.00)	(0.00)	(0.00)	(0.00)	(0.01)	(0.00)	(0.00)
Type 1	−0.013	−0.002	−0.004	0.011	−0.017	0.000	−0.011
	(0.06)	(0.05)	(0.01)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.00)	(0.01)
Cost	−1.554^***	−1.620^***	−0.343^*	−2.248^***	−2.210^***	−0.735^**	−0.254
	(0.13)	(0.12)	(0.19)	(0.22)	(0.21)	(0.36)	(0.24)
Asymmetric	−0.129^**	−0.094^*	−0.020^**	−0.144^**	−0.140^**	−0.001	−0.031^**
	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.01)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.00)	(0.02)
Size 12	−0.022	−0.031	0.00	−0.04	−0.026	0.000	0.002
	(0.04)	(0.03)	(0.01)	(0.04)	(0.05)	(0.00)	(0.01)
Round	−0.009^***	−0.001^*	−0.002^***	−0.005	−0.002	−0.000^***	−0.004^***
	(0.00)	(0.00)	(0.00)	(0.00)	(0.00)	(0.00)	(0.00)
Type 1^* asymmetric	−0.023	−0.064	0.016	−0.034	−0.005	0.000	0.035^*
	(0.08)	(0.08)	(0.01)	(0.09)	(0.09)	(0.00)	(0.02)
Number same type	−0.045	−0.032	−0.002	−0.001	0.025	−0.001	−0.002
	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.01)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.00)	(0.01)
Number favored	0.118^***	0.163^***	−0.013^***	0.086^***	0.095^***	−0.000^*	−0.025^***
	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.01)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.00)	(0.01)
Number unfavored	0.025	−0.019	0.005^***	0.004	0.00	0.000	0.010^**
	(0.02)	(0.01)	(0.00)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.00)	(0.01)
LR test ( value)	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000

^*, ^**, ^***.
Marginal effects elasticities used for continuous variables: history: average , cost. All others are marginal effects.