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Method | Description | Advantages | Disadvantages |
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One-step solution deposition | A solution of the organic and inorganic components dissolved in a solvent is spin-coated on a substrate to give perovskite | Cost-effective, straightforward to implement | Poor film formation leads to limited efficiency, choice of a solvent that can simultaneously dissolve both components is limited, spin-coating is inherently a batch process, which may limit production speed |
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Two-step solution-based processing | First, a solution of the inorganic component is spin-coated followed by spin-coating of a solution of the organic component | Better photovoltaic performance compared to one-step methods | Less control over film thickness as compared to vacuum processes |
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Dual-source vapor deposition | The organic and inorganic components are coevaporated in an as-deposited ratio; deposition is followed by thermal annealing | Better film uniformity, as compared to solution processes leading to better efficiencies | Vacuum process, which leads to high energy requirements; difficulties in simultaneously controlling the deposition rates of both components, leading to an undesirable stoichiometric film |
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Sequential vapor deposition | A bilayer film of the inorganic and organic components is prepared by sequential deposition; subsequent vacuum deposition of the organic component is followed by thermal annealing | Eliminates problems of one-step codeposition | Vacuum process, which leads to high energy requirements, higher costs, limiting mass production |
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Vapor assisted solution process | Inorganic component is deposited by spin-coating followed by exposure to the vapor of the organic component at an elevated temperature | Combination of vapor and solution-based processes gives better film quality | ā |
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Electrodeposition | The inorganic film is electrochemically deposited followed by a solid state in situ reaction with inorganic layer to give perovskite | Environmentally friendly, usually nontoxic; has been commercially used | ā |
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