(i) Presence of chronic rhinitis or chronic rhinosinusitis (ii) Allergic or vasomotor nasal hyperactivity (iii) Chronic laryngitis (iv) Chronic pharyngitis
(i) Acute pathologies in ENT region (ii) Steroids, mucolytics, antihistamine, NSAIDs, vasoconstrictive drugs or antibiotics in the last 30 days (iii) Autoimmune disease (iv) Patients with malignant neoplasms, surgical intervention, and/or radio chemotherapy
(i) At least 3 confirmed episodes of sinonasal infection in the previous 12 months (ii) Evidence of chronic sinonasal inflammation at objective otorhinolaryngologic evaluation
(i) Vasoconstrictive drugs, local and systemic steroids, NSAIDs, antihistamine, and mucolytics in the last 2 months (ii) Patients who for various reasons were not able to ensure the conclusion of the study (iii) Patients who present anterior rhinoscopy
(i) Age from 6 to 14 (ii) History of seasonal moderate to severe allergic rhinitis for at least 2 years (iii) Positive skin prick test to Parietaria pollen (iv) History of mild intermittent asthma
(i) Antihistamines, intranasal, bronchial, or systemic corticosteroids, cromolyn sodium, and leukotriene modifiers in the previous 6 weeks (ii) sinus and/or upper or lower respiratory tract infection, persistent asthma, nasal surgery within the last year, respiratory tract abnormalities, and systemic diseases
(i) Nasal obstruction evaluated by a 10-point Visual Analog Scale (1: nasal airways completely free; 10: nasal airway completely blocked) higher than 7 in the previous 2 months (ii) Chronic rhinosinusitis, persistent allergic rhinitis, vasomotor rhinitis with inferior turbinate hypertrophy
(i) Acute viral rhinitis (ii) Obstructive polyposis (iii) Nasal steroid, vasoconstrictive drug therapies or systemic NSAIDs, oral steroids and mucolytic treatment in the previous 2 months
(i) Age from 2 to12 (ii) CRS (iii) One or more of the following sinonasal symptoms: nasal discharge, congestion, obstruction, postnasal drip, daytime cough, and foul breath (iv) Failed courses of antibiotics, saline irrigation, nasal steroids, or antihistamine (v) Persistent symptoms for 1 month
(i) Steroids, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antihistamines, and vasoconstrictors in the previous 4 weeks (ii) Primary diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome caused by tonsillar hyperplasia (iii) Chronic diseases, immunodeficiency, and neurological impairment (iv) Varicose veins of the nasal septum, and suspect ciliary abnormalities (v) Previous sinonasal surgery (vi) Malformation of the upper airway sinonasal osteogenesis, tumors, and obstructive lesions (vii) History of facial trauma that distorted the sinus anatomy
(i) At least 3 confirmed episodes of sinonasal infection in the previous 12 months (ii) Evidence of chronic sinonasal inflammation at otorhinolaryngologic endoscopic evaluation
Nasal steroid, vasoconstrictive drug therapies or systemic NSAIDs, and steroid or mucolytic treatments in the previous 2 months