Review Article

Thermal Water Applications in the Treatment of Upper Respiratory Tract Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Table 1

Included studies.

AuthorYearStudy designThermal water/controlApplicationAdverse eventsMCTFlowResistanceIgAIgEIgGIgM

De Luca et al. [53]2006Prospective, nonrandomized, noncontrolledSulphur/—Inhalation 1x daily 10 min for 12 daysXX

Marullo and Abramo [29] 2000Prospective, nonrandomized, controlled, double-blindRadon/Tap waterInhalation 10 min,
Aerosol 10 min, 1x daily for 12 days
XXXX

Miraglia del Giudice et al. [60]2011Prospective, randomized, controlledHypermineral chloride sodium water/ISCSAerosol 15 days a month for 3 months/
ISCS daily for 3 months
X

Ottaviano et al. [27]2012Prospective, randomized, controlled, double-blindSulphur-Arsenic-Ferrous water diluted to 10% solution with distilled water/ISCSIrrigation 1x daily 20 mL for 1 monthXX

Ottaviano et al. [28]2011Prospective, randomized, controlled, double-blindSulphur-Salt-Bromine-Iodine/ISCSIrrigation 4x daily 5 mL for 1 monthXX

Passali et al. [58]2013Prospective, nonrandomized, noncontrolledRadon/—Inhalation, Aerosol, each 10 min 1x daily for 14 daysXXXX

Passali et al. [59]2008Prospective, randomized, controlledSalt-Bromine-Iodine/ISCSInhalation 10 min,
Aerosol 10 min,
Irrigation 5 min 1x daily for 14 days
XX

Passariello et al. [57]2012Prospective, nonrandomized, noncontrolledSulphate-Sodium-Chloride/—Aerosol 15 min 1x daily for 15 daysX

Salami et al. [26]2010Prospective, randomized, controlled, double-blindSulphur/ISCSInhalation, 10 min
Irrigation 6 min 1x daily for 12 days
XXXXXXX

Salami et al. [25]2008Prospective, randomized, controlled, double-blindSulphur/ISCSInhalation 10 min 1x daily for 12 daysXXXXXX

Staffieri et al. [56]2008Prospective, randomized, controlledSulphur-Arsenic-Ferrous water diluted to 10% solution with distilled water/ISCSIrrigation 4x daily 20 mL for 6 monthsX

Staffieri and Abramo [55]2007Prospective, nonrandomized, noncontrolled, double-blindSulphur-Arsenic-Ferrous water/—Inhalation,
Aerosol
each 10 min, 1x daily for 12 days
XXXX

Staffieri et al. [54]1998Prospective, randomized, controlled, double-blindSulphur-Salt-Bromine-Iodine/distilled waterInhalation, 10 min, Aerosol 10 min 1x daily for 12 daysX