Review Article
The Pivotal Role of Airway Smooth Muscle in Asthma Pathophysiology
Table 5
Mitogenic factors for human ASM cells.
| Classification | References |
| Growth factors/cytokines/chemokines | | Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) | [211] | Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) | [212] | Epidermal growth factor (EGF) | [213] | Tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-) α (TNFSF2) | [214] | Transforming growth factor- (TGF-) β1 (controversial) | [215, 216] | CCL3, 5, 11 | [186] | CXCL8 | [186] | Inflammatory mediators | | Histamine | [217] | Endothelin-1 | [218] | Thromboxane A2 | [219] | Sphingosine 1-phosphate | [220] | Cysteinyl leukotrienes (LTC4, LTD4, LTE4) | [221] | Enzymes | | Tryptase | [164] | Thrombin | [222] | Elastase | [223] | Matrix metalloproteinases | [224] | ECM components | | Fibronectin | [225] | Collagen I | [225] | Others | | Reactive oxygen species | [226] | Mechanical stress | [227] | Brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) | [228] |
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