Study of Surface Displacements on Tunnelling under Buildings Using 3DEC Numerical Modelling

Table 2

Rock/soil properties considered for strata.

Layer	Depth from surface	Density; (kg/m^3)	Bulk modulus; (Pa)	Rigidity modulus; (Pa)	Cohesion; (kPa)	Angle of internal friction
Clayey silt	0–0.5 m	1800	1.867 × 10^7	0.622 × 10^7	10	32°
Silty sand	0.5 m–1 m	2000	3.9 × 10^7	2.85 × 10^7	5	34°
Sandstone/weathered rock	1 m-2 m	2400	3.3 × 10^8	1.1 × 10^8	1500	42°
Moderately weathered rock	From 2 m to a great depth	2500	4.76 × 10^8	1.47 × 10^8	2000	50°