Prevalence and Risk Indicators for Anal Incontinence among Pregnant Women
Table 2
Risk of anal incontinence defined in St. Mark’s score 3–16 compared to women with St. Mark’s score 0–2. Crude OR and adjusted OR with confidence intervals. Adjusted OR is presented for significant variables only.
Nulliparous ()
Parous ()
Crude OR
Adj. OR (95% CI)
Crude OR
Adj. OR (95% CI)
Born in/maternal origin
Western (Western Europe, North America, Oseania)
1
1
1
1
Non-Western (Asia, Africa, Eastern-Europe, Turkey, or South or Central America)
2.21 (1.45–3.37)
1.54 (0.85–2.78)
2.44 (1.46–4.06)
1.04 (0.44–2.46)
Household income, NOK/USD
500 000 or more 91,000
1
1
1
1
Less than 500,000
1.53 (1.02–2.30)
1.07 (0.63–1.80)
2.36 (1.36–4.08)
1.40 (0.63–3.14)
Marital status
Married
1
1
1
1
Co-habitating
1.04 (0.71–1.51)
1.16 (0.76–1.77)
0.65 (0.39–1.08)
0.78 (0.46–1.36)
Unmarried/living alone/single
2.74 (1.43–5.22)
2.08 (0.91–4.74)
2.89 (1.01–8.24)
2.06 (0.54–7.89)
Maternal educational level
University 5 years or more
1
1
1
1
College/University 4 years
0.99 (0.66–1.48)
0.91 (0.60–1.40)
1.45 (0.85–2.45)
1.42 (0.81–2.49)
High school
1.30 (0.77–2.21)
1.16 (0.65–2.09)
2.52 (1.34–4.72)
1.85 (0.86–3.99)
Elementary/secondary school
5.89 (2.90–11.97)
3.88 (1.46–10.32)
3.17 (1.21–8.31)
1.00 (0.21–4.03)
Maternal age
Less than 35 years
1
1
1
35 or more years
1.59 (1.03–2.47)
1.62 (1.01–2.62)
1.06 (0.67–1.65)
BMI
16–24.9
1
1
1
25–44.4
1.10 (0.75–1.61)
1.66 (1.05–2.61)
1.36 (0.81–2.29)
Pregnancy duration when answered
First trimester (6–12 weeks)
1
1
1
Second or third trimester (13–38)
0.61 (0.38–0.99)
0.53 (0.32–0.90)
1.78 (0.84–3.77)
Illness/disease
Dermatological disease
No
1
1
1
1
Yes
1.97 (1.15–3.40)
2.39 (1.36–4.20)
2.85 (1.51–5.40)
3.02 (1.51–6.02)
Ulcerative stomach
No
1
1
Yes
2.60 (1.13–6.00)
2.42 (0.95–6.15)
Hypertension
No
1
1
1
Yes
2.60 (1.13–6.00)
2.05 (0.77–5.48)
0
Rheumatoid arthritis or other muscular-skeletal problems
