Adipose-Derived Stem Cells in Tissue Regeneration: A Review

Table 2

In vitro differentiation potentials of ASCs.

Germ layer	Lineage	Author and year	Reference	Induction conditions
Mesoderm	Bone-2D	Zuk et al. 2002	[21]	Dexamethasone induction
		Leong et al. 2006	[40]	Vitamin D3 induction
		Behr et al. 2011	[43]	VEGF supplementation
		Hong et al. 2007	[44]	17𝛽-estradiol supplementation
		Knippenberg et al. 2007	[45]	Prostaglandin supplementation
		Park et al. 2011	[46]	Growth factor-coupled microspheres
		Song et al. 2011	[47]	BMP2 + vitamin D3 induction
		Chen et al. 2012	[48]	BMP2 + platelet-rich plasma
	Bone-3D	Hao et al. 2008	[55]	PLGA scaffolds
		Lee et al. 2008	[56]
		Marino et al. 2010	[57]	Tricalcium phosphate scaffolds
		Haimi et al. 2009	[61]	PLA/Bioactive glass scaffolds
		Leong et al. 2008	[62]	PCL scaffolds
	Cartilage-2D	Zuk et al. 2002	[21]	Micromass culture + TGF𝛽1
		Awad et al. 2003	[84]
		Ogawa et al. 2004	[66]	Micromass culture + TGF𝛽1-GFP+ve mice
		Jin et al. 2007	[85]	Micromass culture + TGF𝛽2-expressing ASCs
		Lu et al. 2012	[86]	Micromass culture + TGF𝛽3-expressing ASCs
	Cartilage-3D	Awad et al. 2004	[88]	Agarose, alginate and gelatin scaffolds
		Lin et al. 2005	[89]	Alginate scaffolds
		Yoon et al. 2011	[91]	Hyaluronate scaffolds
	Adipose	Zuk et al. 2002	[21]	Dexamethasone, insulin, IBMX, indomethacin
		Ogawa et al. 2004	[95]	GFP+ve mice
		Rodriguez et al. 2004	[96]	Serum-free adipogenic medium + rosiglitazone
	Skeletal muscle	Mizuno et al. 2002	[98]	Reduced serum, hydrocortisone induction
		Lee and Kemp 2006	[99]	ASC/myoblast co-culture, hypoxic conditions
		Eom et al. 2011	[100]	Myoblast fusion
		Choi et al. 2012	[101]	Mechanically patterned hydrogels
	Smooth muscle	Rodriguez et al. 2006	[102]	Heparin induction medium
		Wang et al. 2010	[103]	TGF𝛽1 + BMP4 induction
		Park et al. (In press)	[108]	Elastic nanofibers + stress
		Harris et al. 2011	[105]	Decellularized vascular grafts
		Wang et al. 2010	[109]	PGA mesh + pulsatile conditions
	Cardiac muscle	Planat-Bénard et al. 2004	[115]	5-azacytidine induction
		Gaustad et al. 2004	[114]	Cardiomyocyte cellular extracts
		Choi et al. 2010	[118]	Cardiomyocyte/ASC co-culture
		Chang et al. 2012	[119]	PMA treatment
	Neural	Zuk et al. 2002	[21]	𝛽-mercaptoethanol induction
		Safford et al. 2004	[121]	Valproic acid, butylated hydroxyanisole, hydrocortisone induction
		Jang et al. 2010	[124]	bFGF and forskolin induction
		Ashjian et al. 2003	[128]	IBMX, indomethacin, insulin induction
	Motor neuron	Liqing et al. 2011	[127]	Retinoic acid + Sonic hedgehog supplementation
	Schwann cell	Radtke et al. 2009	[123]	Neurosphere induction
		Xu et al. 2008	[131]	Neurosphere induction
		Kingham et al. 2007	[130]	Glial growth factor induction (PDGF, bFGF, forskolin)
		Wei et al. 2010	[132]	Schwann cell/ASC co-culture
	Epithelial	Brzoska et al. 2005		Retinoic acid treatment
Ectoderm	Epithelial-vocal fold	Long et al. 2010	[142]	Air-liquid interface culture
	Epithelial-urothelium	Liu et al. 2009	[144]	Epithelial/ASC co-culture
	Epithelial-retinal	Vossmerbaeumer et al. 2009	[139]	Retinal pigment epithelial cell-conditioned medium
	Epidermis	Du et al. 2010	[134]	Fibrin gel or pellet culture + ascorbate
	Epidermis	Li et al. 2012	[135]	Air-liquid interface culture
	Epidermis/Dermis	Trottier et al. 2008	[136]	Self-assembly culture system
		Labbe et al. 2011	[137]
	Epithelial-Endothelial	Cao et al. 2005	[145]	VEGF supplementation
		Colazzo et al. 2010	[146]
	Epithelial-Endothelial	Fisher et al. 2009	[147]	Shear stress exposure
		DiMuzio et al. 2007	[148]
Endoderm	Pancreatic	Timper et al. 2006	[151]	Pancreatic induction medium
		Chandra et al. 2009	[152]
	Pancreatic	Lee et al. 2008	[154]	Pancreatic extract
	Hepatic	Banas et al. 2009	[159]	Hepatocyte induction medium/CN-coated plates
	Hepatic	Bonora-Centelles 2009	[160]	HNF4𝛼 overexpression
		Lue et al. 2010	[161]
	Hepatic	Lee et al. 2012	[162]	Hepatocyte induction medium/CN-coated plates

PLGA: polylactic coglycolic acid; PLA: polylactic acid, PCL: polycaprolactone; PGA: polyglycolic acid, CN: collagen, HNF4𝛼: hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha.