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Disease phase | Asymptomatic | Mild | Moderate | Severe | Critical | References |
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Disease mechanisms | Viral replication | Inflammation and hypercoagulability | Bae et al. [94] |
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Clinical manifestation | Positive for SARS-CoV-2 test but show no symptoms | Show symptoms of acute upper respiratory tract infection (i.e., fever, cough, and fatigue) and digestive symptoms (nausea, vomiting, stomachache, and diarrhea) | Show clinical or radiographic evidence of lower respiratory disease with no hypoxemia (i.e., oxygen saturation above 92%) | Show clinical or radiographic evidence of lower respiratory disease and hypoxemia (i.e., oxygen saturation below 92%) | ARDS, septic shock, and/or multiorgan dysfunction | Yuki et al. [95] |
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Possible treatments | (i) Antiviral | (i) Immunomodulator | Whittle et al. [80, 83, 94] |
(ii) Passive antibody therapy | (ii) Anticoagulation |
(iii) Complementary and alternative medicine | (iii) Respiratory therapy |
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FDA approved drugs | (i) Veklury (remdesivir)–—adult and pediatric patients | (i) Actemra (tocilizumab)–—adult patients | FDA [77] |
(ii) Olumiant (baricitinib)–—adult patients |
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FDA emergency use authorization | (i) Paxlovid (nirmatrelvir and ritonavir)–—adult patients | (i) Kineret (anakinra)–—adult patients | FDA [77] |
(ii) Lagevrio (molnupiravir)–—adult patients | (ii) Olumiant (baricitinib)–—pediatric patients |
| (iii) Actemra (tocilizumab)–—pediatric patients |
| (iv) Gohibic (vilobelimab)–—adult patients |
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