Aptamer-Based Strategies to Address Challenges in COVID-19 Diagnosis and Treatments

Table 1

Pathophysiology at different disease phases of COVID-19 infection and their respective treatments.

Disease phase	Asymptomatic	Mild	Moderate	Severe	Critical	References
Disease mechanisms	Viral replication			Inflammation and hypercoagulability		Bae et al. [94]
Clinical manifestation	Positive for SARS-CoV-2 test but show no symptoms	Show symptoms of acute upper respiratory tract infection (i.e., fever, cough, and fatigue) and digestive symptoms (nausea, vomiting, stomachache, and diarrhea)	Show clinical or radiographic evidence of lower respiratory disease with no hypoxemia (i.e., oxygen saturation above 92%)	Show clinical or radiographic evidence of lower respiratory disease and hypoxemia (i.e., oxygen saturation below 92%)	ARDS, septic shock, and/or multiorgan dysfunction	Yuki et al. [95]
Possible treatments	(i) Antiviral			(i) Immunomodulator		Whittle et al. [80, 83, 94]
	(ii) Passive antibody therapy			(ii) Anticoagulation
	(iii) Complementary and alternative medicine			(iii) Respiratory therapy
FDA approved drugs	(i) Veklury (remdesivir)–—adult and pediatric patients			(i) Actemra (tocilizumab)–—adult patients		FDA [77]
				(ii) Olumiant (baricitinib)–—adult patients
FDA emergency use authorization	(i) Paxlovid (nirmatrelvir and ritonavir)–—adult patients			(i) Kineret (anakinra)–—adult patients		FDA [77]
	(ii) Lagevrio (molnupiravir)–—adult patients			(ii) Olumiant (baricitinib)–—pediatric patients
				(iii) Actemra (tocilizumab)–—pediatric patients
				(iv) Gohibic (vilobelimab)–—adult patients