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Reported methodologies | Target sites | Plant-basedantiviral compounds | Reference |
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Molecular docking | (i) Covid-196LU7 proteases (ii) Covid-196Y2E proteases | (i) Coriandrin (ii) Glabridin (iii) Glucobrassicin (iv) Ursolic acid (v) Hederagenin (vi) Apigenin (vii) Oleanolic acid (viii) Rosemarinic acid | [35] |
In silico screening molecular docking DFT molecular modelling | (i) COVID-19 proteases | (i) Oleanic acid (ii) Ursolic acid (iii) Isovallesiachotamine (iv) Vallesiachotamine (v) Cadambine (vi) Vincosamide-N-oxide (vii) Isodihydroaminocadambine (viii) Pentyle ester of chlorogenic acid (xi) D-myo-inositol | [36] |
Molecular docking using autodock vina and GOLD suite Cys145 and His41 residues quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR) | (i) 3-C like protease | (i) Hypericin (ii) Cyanidin 3-glucoside (iii) Baicalin (iv) Glabridin (v) Α-ketoamide-11r | [37] |
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Molecular docking target analysis and toxicity prediction ADME prediction | (i) SARS-CoV-2 main protease | (i) Andrographolides | [38] |
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In silico analysis | (i) Human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE-2) (ii) RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) | (i) D-viniferin (ii) Myricitrin (iii) Taiwanhomoflavone A (iv) Lactucopicrin 15-oxalate (v) Nympholide A (vi) Afzelin (vii) Biorobin (viii) Hesperidin (ix) Phyllaemblicin B | [39] |
Molecular docking | (i) SARS-CoV-2 Mpro | (i) Rosmanol (ii) Carnosol (iii) Arjunglucoside-I | [40] |
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In silico analysis | (i) Higher binding affinity with targets | (i) Silybin | [41] |
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In silico analysis | (i) Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 | (i) Baicalin (ii) Scutellarin (iii) Hesperetin (iv) Nicotianamine (v) Glycyrrhizin | [42] |
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In silico analysis | (i) Glycoprotein inhibitors | (i) Hesperidine (ii) Cannabinoids (iii) Pectolinarin (iv) Epigallocatechin gallate (v) Rhoifolin | [43] |
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In silico analysis | (i) SARS-CoV-2 mpro | (i) Bonducellpin D (ii) 5, 7-dimethoxyflavanone-4′-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (iii) Caesalmin B | [44] |
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Molecular docking | (i) SARS-CoV-2 mpro | (i) B-eudesmol (ii) Digitoxigenine (iii) Crocin (iv) a-Terpeneol (v) b-Carophyllene (vi) Picrocrocin (vii) Crocetin (viii) Calarene (xi) Bicyclogermacrene | [45] |
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Molecular docking | (i) SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro | (i) 10-hydroxyusambarensine (ii) Cryptoquindoline (iii) 6-oxoisoiguesterin (iv) 22-hydroxyhopan-3-one | [46] |
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Molecular docking | (i) SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro (ii) Plpro (iii) RdRp (iv) Spike protein | (i) Chloroquine (ii) Luteolin | [47] |
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Molecular docking | (i) SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro | (i) Luteolin (ii) Licoisoflavone B (iii) Fisetin (iv) Quercetin (v) Glyasperin F (vi) Isolicoflavonol (vii) Semilicoisoflavone-B | [48] |
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Molecular docking | (i) Covid 19 protein 6W63 | (i) Narcissoside | [49] |
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Molecular docking | (i) SARS-CoV-2 Mpro | (i) Theaflavin digallate | [50] |
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Molecular docking | (i) SARS-CoV-2 S-protein | (i) Phillyrin (ii) Chlorogenic acid | [51] |
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Molecular docking | (i) GRP78 (ii) 6LU7 (iii) SARS-CoV-2 Mpro | (i) Withaferin A (ii) Artemisinin (iii) Curcumin (iv) Andrographolide | [52] |
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Molecular docking | (i) SARS-CoV-2 Mpro | (i) Oolonghomobisflavan-A (ii) Theasinensin-D (iii) Theaflavin-3-Ogallate | [53] |
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Molecular docking | (i) SARS-CoV-2 Mpro | (i) Ursolic acid (ii) Carvacrol (iii) Oleanolic acid | [54] |
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Molecular docking | (i) SARS-CoV-2 mpro (ii) SARS-CoV-2 Nsp15/NendoU (iii) SARS-CoV-2 ADRP (iv) SARS-CoV-2 RdRp (v) SARS-CoV-2 rS (iv) HACE2 | (i) (E)-β-farnesene (ii) (E, E)-α-farnesene (iii) (E)-β-farnesene, (iv) (E, E) farnesol | [55] |
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Molecular docking | (i) SARS-CoV2 E | (i) Belachinal (ii) Macaflavanone E (iii) Vibsanol B | [56] |
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Molecular docking | (i) Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 | (i) Isothymol | [57] |
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Molecular docking | (i) RdRp | (i) Theaflavin | [58] |
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Molecular docking | (i) SARS-CoV-2: ACE2 | (i) Dithymoquinone | [59] |
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Molecular docking | (i) SARS-CoV-2 mpro | (i) Luteolin-7-glucoside (ii) Demethoxycurcumin (iii) Apigenin-7-glucoside (iv) Oleuropein (v) Curcumin (vi) Catechin (vii) Epicatechin-gallate | [60] |
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