Further details are available at websites: PubChem, http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/; and DrugBank, http://www.drugbank.ca/. Molecular mechanism for resistance: bintraparasitic pumps involved in modulation of transporting the drugs across the membranes; emetabolic enzymes involved in decreased selectivity of antifolates and sulfonamides; and fcytochrome bc1 complex (complex III) involved in decreased selectivity of mitochondrial electron transport inhibitors or ubiquinone analogs.
cP. falciparum Kelch protein (encoded by a locus PF13_0238) conferring a single point mutation at the position Met476Ile is involved in molecular mechanism for artemisinin resistance [74] as its propensity to the mutation is believed to be the result of the selection under pressures of dACTs.
gComplete genomic DNA sequences served as molecular markers of which design of specific primer sets has been used in monitoring MDR falciparum or vivax malaria parasites present in the patients or Anopheles vectors and assessing treatment failure in the patients.