External Ventricular Drain Infections: Risk Factors and Outcome

Table 3

Patient demographics and outcome of EVD-related infections.

	No EVD infection; ( = 200)	EVD infection; ( = 18)
Sex, (%)			0.46
Male	111 (93%)	8 (7%)
Female	89 (90%)	10 (10%)
Age (years)	61 (18–86)	51 (18–81)	0.13
BMI	25.5 (18–45)	25.5 (18–48)	0.65
ASA-score, (%)			0.46
1	7 (4%)	0 (0%)
2	40 (20%)	2 (11%)
3	87 (43%)	11 (61%)
4	66 (33%)	5 (28%)
Admission, diagnosis, (%)			0.54
SAH, nontraumatic	120 (60%)	13 (71%)
SAH, traumatic	36 (18%)	2 (11%)
Tumour, malignant	17 (8%)	0 (0%)
Tumour, benign	7 (4%)	1 (6%)
Hydrocephalus	5 (2%)	1 (6%)
Contusion/oedema	15 (8%)	1 (6%)
History, (%)
Cancer, haematology	6 (3%)	0 (0%)	0.45
Cancer, solid	18 (9%)	1 (6%)	0.62
Diabetes mellitus	31 (16%)	1 (6%)	0.25
Immunosuppressive	2 (1%)	0 (0%)	0.67
Neurosurgical procedure (besides of EVD placement)	42 (21%)	3 (17%)	1.0
EVD-procedure, (%)			0.91
Elective	24 (12%)	2 (11%)
Emergency	176 (88%)	16 (89%)
Accommodation, (%)			0.50
Single-bed room	12 (6%)	2 (11%)
Double-bed room	93 (46%)	7 (39%)
Four-bed room	95 (48%)	9 (50%)
Concomitant infection, (%)
ANY	45 (23%)	8 (44%)	<0.01
LRTI	42 (21%)	6 (33%)	0.23
SSI	1 (1%)	2 (11%)	0.02
UTI	0 (0%)	1 (6%)	0.08
CLABSI	2 (1%)	2 (11%)	0.05
Other	1 (1%)	0 (0%)	1.0
In-hospital death, (%)	36 (18%)	3 (17%)	1.0
External drainage, (total duration), days	6 (1–20)	12 (4–44)	<0.01
External drainage, (total duration of infection-free drainage)	6 (1–20)	7 (1–16)	0.87
LOS-hospital, days	20 (1–90)	28.5 (15–74)	<0.01
LOS-ICU, days	11 (0–76)	21 (10–50)	<0.01

SAH: subarachnoid hemorrhage, ASA: American Society of Anesthesiologists, LRTI: lower respiratory tract infection, SSI: surgical site infection, UTI: urinary tract infection, CLABSI: central line- associated bloodstream infection, LOS: length of stay.