Trade-Off between Sampling Frequency and Duration and Their Influences on the Estimation of Space Use of Japanese Macaques

Table 1

Study site, troop size, start and end dates of observation, observation period, and the environmental conditions (altitude, temperature, and vegetation) of nine Japanese macaque troops analyzed in this paper.

Troop ID	TID1	TID2	TID3	TID4	TID5	TID6	TID7	TID8	TID9
Site	Hon	Hon	Shi	Hon	Shi	Hon	Hon	Hon	Hon
Troop size (individuals)	15	52	10–20	U	U	57	30–50	20–30	19
Start date^a	01/09/16	07/02/16	10/02/16	16/07/16	06/02/15	29/08/15	07/07/15	09/07/15	20/07/14
End date^a	12/06/17	24/10/16	19/10/16	26/04/17	05/10/15	26/04/16	27/02/16	27/02/16	22/02/15
Observation period^b (days)	283	260	253	250	242	239	236	233	214
Altitude^c (m)	218.7	136.2	100.6	123.6	465.4	75.2	489.8	479.2	136.9
Temperature^d (°C)	12.0	19.2	20.7	13.5	16.8	13.2	10.7	10.6	15.1
Vegetation	D	D	D	D	P	D	P	P	P

Notes. ^aDates are expressed as dd/mm/yy. ^bObservation period could be shorter than the number of days of observation because days with <5 locations sampled were removed from the analysis. ^cThe mean altitude was obtained from the conservation GIS consortium Japan (https://cgisj.jp/) based on the digital elevation map of the Geospatial Information Authority of Japan (https://www.gsi.go.jp/ENGLISH/index.html). ^dThe mean temperature during the observation period was obtained from the Japan Meteorological Agency (https://www.jma.go.jp/jma/menu/menureport.html). Hon, Honshu Island; Shi, Shikoku Island; U, unknown; P, plantation (dominated by Cryptomeria japonica or Chamaecyparis obtusa); D, secondary deciduous broadleaf forest (dominated by Quercus serrata).