Transcranial Doppler Ultrasound: A Review of the Physical Principles and Major Applications in Critical Care

Table 4

TCD applications [2, 4, 18, 39–41]. Categorised as per reference [39].

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Ischaemic cerebrovascular disease

 Sickle cell disease

 Right to left cardiac shunts

 Intra and extra-cranial arterial steno-occlusive disease

 Arteriovenous malformations and fistulas

Peri-procedural/operative

 Cerebral thrombolysis in acute stroke

 Carotid endarterectomy

 Carotid angioplasty and stenting

 Coronary artery bypass surgery

 Coronary angioplasty

 Prosthetic heart valves

Neurological/Neurosurgical intensive care

 Vasospasm after subarachnoid haemorrhage

 Raised intracranial pressure

 Head injury

 Cerebral circulatory arrest and brain death

 Intracerebral aneurysm and parenchymal hematoma detection

Others

 Pharmacologic vasomotor testing

 Cerebral pressure autoregulation

 Liver failure/Hepatic encephalopathy

 Preeclampsia

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