Exploiting the Interplay between Liquid-Liquid Demixing and Crystallization of the PVDF Membrane for Membrane Distillation

<table class="table-group" id="tab2"><tr><td><table class="table"><tr><td class="thead-hr" colspan="3"><hr/></td></tr><tr class="thead"><td class="align_left">Membrane code</td><td class="align_center">Heat of fusion, <svg height="14.1649pt" id="M6" style="vertical-align:-5.529pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.6359 24.9571 14.1649" width="24.9571pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M600 0V24L339 665L311 657L43 24V0H600ZM497 50H107L303 539L497 50Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,8.327,0)"><path d="M828 650H570L564 622C646 614 650 609 634 524L604 366H253L281 524C296 608 308 615 382 622L388 650H132L126 622C211 615 214 609 198 524L121 122C106 42 102 35 23 28L17 0H276L282 28C196 35 191 40 206 122L243 324H597L559 123C544 42 537 35 452 28L446 0H710L716 28C632 35 628 43 643 122L719 524C735 610 741 615 822 622L828 650Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,18.402,3.132)"><path d="M620 667C620 684 593 710 552 710C515 710 459 687 409 634C360 582 334 506 320 433H247L215 400L220 388H310L259 80C224 -129 199 -161 185 -174C175 -183 160 -192 141 -192C123 -192 90 -181 75 -165C69 -158 64 -156 54 -164C39 -178 24 -195 24 -208C24 -231 61 -257 94 -257C124 -257 162 -243 209 -194C267 -134 303 -66 343 107C369 220 378 279 393 385L503 397L523 433H404C432 619 464 660 500 660C522 660 542 646 566 621C573 614 583 615 593 621C603 628 620 648 620 667Z"></path></g></svg> (J/g)</td><td class="align_center">Degree of crystallinity, <svg height="11.927pt" id="M7" style="vertical-align:-3.291101pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.6359 14.2689 11.927" width="14.2689pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M748 650H522L515 622L546 617C580 611 587 604 565 575C518 513 469 451 419 393C376 474 349 534 330 580C318 609 325 612 361 618L383 622L392 650H151L144 622C214 616 224 612 257 543L360 327C270 218 187 124 159 95C106 40 92 34 26 28L17 0H252L259 28L236 31C189 37 188 47 209 78C249 136 308 210 377 294L478 79C494 44 487 37 449 32L418 28L409 0H673L680 28C596 34 591 39 554 116L436 361C526 469 574 521 604 553C659 612 669 614 739 622L748 650Z"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,9.88,3.132)"><path d="M387 400C387 425 348 451 303 451C247 451 176 414 132 376C69 322 24 228 24 148C24 43 74 -12 147 -12C211 -12 301 33 363 103L346 128C319 99 249 51 193 51C148 51 112 84 112 165C112 230 130 287 154 330C170 359 199 400 243 400C277 400 304 383 326 354C333 345 343 343 354 348C378 360 387 382 387 400Z"></path></g></svg> (%)</td></tr><tr><td class="thead-hr" colspan="3"><hr/></td></tr><tr><td class="align_left">PVDF-25</td><td class="align_center">54.37</td><td class="align_center">51.93</td></tr><tr><td class="align_left">PVDF-40</td><td class="align_center">48.97</td><td class="align_center">46.77</td></tr><tr><td class="align_left">PVDF-60</td><td class="align_center">46.87</td><td class="align_center">44.77</td></tr><tr><td class="align_left">PVDF-80</td><td class="align_center">48.01</td><td class="align_center">45.85</td></tr><tr><td class="align_left">PVDF-100</td><td class="align_center">49.20</td><td class="align_center">46.77</td></tr><tr class="table-tr"><td colspan="3"><hr class="tbody-hr"/></td></tr></table></td></tr></table>

<div>Heat of fusion and degree of crystallinity of the developed PVDF membranes.</div>

International Journal of Polymer Science

tab2

Table 2

Table 2: Exploiting the Interplay between Liquid-Liquid Demixing and Crystallization of the PVDF Membrane for Membrane Distillation 