| | Predictor variables | Birth outcomes | COR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | | Cases | Controls |
| | Residence | Rural | 75 (59.1) | 92 (36.2) | 2.54 (1.64, 3.93) | 1.78 (1.02, 3.11) | | Urban | 52 (40.9) | 162 (63.8) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| | Mothers’ age (in completed years) | 18-27 | 40 (31.5) | 96 (37.8) | 1.00 | 1.00 | | 28-34 | 60 (47.2) | 96 (37.8) | 1.50 (0.92, 2.44) | 1.74 (0.92, 3.30) | | ≥35 | 27 (21.3) | 62 (24.4) | 1.04 (0.58, 1.87) | 0.78 (0.36, 1.69) |
| | Mothers’ completed educational level | Illiterate | 53 (41.7) | 29 (11.4) | 2.02 (0.93, 4.53) | 1.81 (1.07, 4.61) | | Primary | 23 (18.1) | 112 (44.1) | 0.23 (0.11, 0.48) | 0.13 (0.05, 0.35) | | Secondary | 32 (25.2) | 92 (36.2) | 0.38 (0.18, 0.81) | 0.30 (0.12, 0.75) | | Tertiary | 19 (15.0) | 21 (8.3) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| | Sex of the newborn | Male | 38 (29.9) | 120 (47.2) | 1.00 | 1.00 | | Female | 89 (70.1) | 134 (52.8) | 2.09 (1.34, 3.29) | 1.95 (1.09, 3.50) |
| | ANC follow-up | Yes | 108 (85.0) | 240 (94.5) | 1.00 | 1.00 | | No | 19 (15.0) | 14 (5.5) | 3.02 (1.46, 6.23) | 1.93 (1.17, 5.04) |
| | Folic acid supplemented prior to or during pregnancy | No | 99 (77.9) | 125 (49.2) | 1.00 | 1.00 | | Yes | 28 (22.1) | 129 (50.8) | 0.27 (0.17, 0.44) | 0.37 (0.21, 0.65) |
| | Pregnancy was planned | Yes | 51 (40.2) | 93 (36.6) | 1.00 | 1.00 | | No | 76 (59.8) | 161 (63.4) | 0.86 (0.55, 1.33) | 0.94 (0.54, 1.66) |
| | Previous history of NTD(s) | No | 48 (37.8) | 182 (71.7) | 1.00 | 1.00 | | Yes | 79 (62.2) | 72 (28.3) | 4.16 (2.65, 6.53) | 4.39 (2.42, 7.96) |
| | Substance use during pregnancy (alcohol, khat, cigarette, and drugs) | Yes | 27 (29.1) | 23 (9.1) | 1.00 | 1.00 | | No | 90 (70.9) | 231 (90.9) | 0.24 (0.14, 0.43) | 0.42 (0.21, 0.88) |
| | Previous adverse birth outcomes (stillbirth, PTB, LBW, abortion, and SGA) | Yes | 25 (19.7) | 32 (12.6) | 1.00 | 1.00 | | No | 102 (80.3) | 222 (87.4) | 0.59 (0.33, 1.05) | 0.61 (0.28, 1.29) |
| | Medical problems during this pregnancy (PROM, DM, HTN, HIV, UTI, etc.) | Yes | 18 (14.2) | 19 (7.5) | 1.00 | 1.00 | | No | 109 (85.8) | 235 (92.5) | 0.49 (0.25, 0.96) | 0.27 (0.11, 0.69) |
| | Mode of delivery | SVD | 105 (82.7) | 224 (88.2) | 1.00 | 1.00 | | C-section | 14 (11.0) | 19 (7.5) | 1.57 (0.76, 3.25) | 2.23 (0.84, 5.91) | | Instrumental delivery | 8 (6.3) | 11 (4.3) | 1.55 (0.61, 3.97) | 2.05 (0.63, 6.59) |
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Key: AOR, adjusted odds ratio; COR, crude odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; . DM, Diabetes Mellitus; HTN, Hypertension; HIV, Human Immune Virus; UTI, Urinary Tract Infection; PROM, Premature Rupture of Membrane; PTB, Preterm Birth; LBW, Low Birth Weight; SGA, Small for Gestational Age; ANC, Antenatal Care; NTDs, Neural Tube Defects. |
