Abstract
Newborn care refers to the care that is provided to the baby from birth to one-month-old by a caregiver or by the mothers including thermal care, hygienic care, cord care, eye care, breastfeeding, immunization, and identification of newborn danger signs. According to Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) 2016, the neonatal mortality rate was 29 deaths per 1000 live births, and the postneonatal mortality rate was 19 deaths per 1000 live births with neonates contributing 48 deaths per 1000 of the infant mortality. Neonatal mortality accounts for approximately two-thirds of all infant mortality worldwide. Objective. The objective of this study was to assess newborn care practice and associated factors among mothers with babies of one-month-old in Hossana town, Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples’ Region, Ethiopia, 2018. Methods. A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among randomly selected 422 mothers with babies of one-month-old in Hossana town, southwest Ethiopia. The data were entered to EpiData 3.1 and exported to Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were applied, and frequencies and odds ratios were calculated to determine the prevalence and associated factors, respectively. Results. In this study, 31% of participants had good newborn care practice based on three composite variables such as 84% who have done early breastfeeding initiation, 32.9% who have done safe cord care, and 30.6% who have done thermal care. Educational status of the mother’s, primary (, 95% CI: 1.027-7.637), secondary (, 95% CI: 0.921-7.316), and college and above (, 95% CI: 1.056-12.492); mothers who practiced handwashing (hygiene) before touching a newborn (, 95% CI: 1.092-5.963); and mothers who had good knowledge on newborn care practice (, 95% CI: 3.599-67.943) were significantly associated with newborn care practice. Conclusion and Recommendation. The present study indicated that the level of comprehensive newborn care practice was unsatisfactory; all responsible bodies were giving attention and intervene on the predictors to improve newborn care practice and provide health education regarding newborn care practice. Education level, health education (counseling) on hygiene, and knowledge of mother on newborn care practice were independent predictors of newborn care practice.
1. Introduction
Essential newborn care is the basic care required for every baby and comprises thermal care (delayed bathing, drying, and keeping the baby warm through skin-to-skin contact), infection prevention (promoting and supporting handwashing for all caregivers and providing hygienic umbilical cord and skin care), feeding support (early and exclusive breastfeeding), and postnatal care, including monitoring of newborns for danger signs of serious infections and identifying babies requiring additional care [1]. Deaths in the newborn period (first 28 days) are a growing proportion of all child deaths [2], and essential newborn care practice is used to decrease neonatal morbidity and mortalities if given appropriately [3].
There is a global underfive mortality rate of 42.5 per 1000 live births; of those deaths, 45% were newborns, with a neonatal mortality rate of 19 per 1000 live births [4, 5], and although underfive and infant mortalities have been reduced, neonatal mortality remains largely unchanged in Nepal [6].
In Ethiopia, neonatal morbidity and mortality rates were among the highest in the world [7] and neonatal mortality was found to be 214 out of 4888 live births with the rate of 43.8 per 1000 live births in north Gonder [8], and also, according to the EDHS report, neonatal mortality was 29 per 1000, 41per 1000, and 38 per 1000 in urban and rural, respectively, in Ethiopia [9].
Even only 26% of births occur in a health facility, there is an increase in neonatal death [9]. To reduce newborn death, newborn care becomes the health priority [5]. Families, are focus on immediate newborn care at home and changes in household level practices to prevent newborn death, illness and to promote health of newborn care in Ethiopia [1]. Merely 13% of newborns receive a postnatal check within two days of birth [9]. The level of newborn care practice is scanty, inconclusive, and there are limited studies conducted in this area that focus on practices of newborn care and associated factors among mothers in this region (SNNPR).
2. General Objective
The objective of this study was to assess newborn care practice and associated factors among mothers of one-month-old infants in Hossana town, Hadiya zone, southern Ethiopia, 2018.
3. Specific Objectives
(i)To assess newborn care practice among mothers with babies aged one month(ii)To identify factors associated with newborn care practice among mothers with babies aged one month
4. Methods and Materials
4.1. Study Area and Period
Hossana town is the capital city of Hadiya zone, Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples’ Region (SNNPR), which was located 194 km from Hawassa, the capital city of the region, and 230 km from Addis Ababa, the capital city of the country.
Hossana town is a purely woinedega agroeconomic zone, situated at an altitude of 1800-2950 meters above sea level, and has an average temperature ranging from 10 to 24 degree centigrade. The annual rainfall is 1250 mm per year.
Based on the 2007 Ethiopian national population and housing census, the population of the town was 78,432: male 38,800 and female 39,632; the number of childbearing age women (15-49 years) was 18,275 (Hossana town administrative office report 2007).
A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from January 20 to February 19, 2018, in Hossana town, southwest Ethiopia.
4.1.1. Study Design
A community-based cross-sectional study design was conducted.
4.1.2. Source of Population
The source population is all women in the reproductive age group, who had one-month age infants in Hossana town.
4.1.3. Study Population
Study populations were all sampled mothers who had one-month age infants during the data collection period in Hossana town.
4.2. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
4.2.1. Inclusion Criteria
Mothers resident in the area for six or more months before this study was conducted were included in the study.
4.2.2. Exclusion Criteria
Mothers who were unable to feed breast milk and too sick or critically ill during the data collection period were excluded in the study.
4.3. Sample Size Determination
The sample size was determined by using a single population proportion formula:
where is the minimum sample, is the 52.1% prevalence level for early breastfeeding on four regions of Ethiopia [10], is the margin error (0.05), and is the standard normal.
Then, to get the final sample size (), the nonresponse rate (10%) was used, .
4.4. Sampling Procedure
A survey was conducted among 422 women having a one-month infant in Hossana town. A multistage sampling technique was used to select study participants, and the study was conducted in all kebeles found in the town. A proportional allocation to the size of the population was done to decide the number of women required from each kebeles.
Finally, a simple random sampling technique was applied to identify women to be included in the survey. When more than one eligible respondent is present in a selected household, one respondent is selected on the spot by a lottery method.
5. Variables
5.1. Dependent Variable
(i)Newborn care practice (early breastfeeding, thermal care, and cord care)
5.2. Independent Variable
(i)Sociodemographic and socioeconomic factors (parity, occupation, education status, and place of delivery)(ii)Mothers’ knowledge on newborn care practice (knowledge on newborn care practice and knowledge on newborn danger signs)(iii)Health service and obstetric factors (attendance of ANC, health education during ANC and PNC, health extension worker home visit, and neonatal death)
5.3. Data Collection Procedures (Instruments, Personnel, and Data Quality Control)
5.3.1. Data Collection Instruments
The data were collected using a structured interviewer-administered questionnaire adapted from the EDHS, and other relevant literatures were used to collect data. The questionnaire had included all the questions that assess the knowledge and practice of newborn care of mothers. The tool was prepared in English version and translated to Hadiyisa (local language) and then translated back to English language to check for consistency. Finally, the data were collected by Hadiyisa language.
5.3.2. Data Collection Process
Seven diploma midwives and five diploma nurses were recruited from other kebeles. Training was given for both data collectors and supervisors for two days before the actual data collection about data collection techniques go through the questionnaire questions with questions, ways of data collection, supervision and final clarification was given to those who have doubts.
5.4. Operational Definitions and Definition of Terms
Newborn care: it refers to the care provided to the baby from birth to 28 days of age by a caregiver or by the mothers including thermal care, hygienic care, cord care, eye care, breastfeeding, immunization, and identification of newborn danger signs.
Practice of newborn care: a mother was asked questions that cover the practice of newborn care which includes early initiation of breastfeeding and providing colostrums, cord care, and thermal care. The investigator developed composite index questions in the above issues that assigned a score of one [1] = correct response (consistent with the WHO essential newborn care guidelines) and 0 = incorrect response (inconsistent with the WHO/Unicef essential newborn care guidelines); any mother who did not know the answer is considered to have an incorrect response.
Good knowledge of mothers on newborn care: those mothers who respond correctly above 50% of knowledge-related questions.
Poor knowledge of mothers on newborn care: those mothers who respond correctly less than or equal to 50% of knowledge-related questions.
Newborn care practice: good newborn care practice: those mothers who mentioned three newborn care practices; poor newborn care practice: those who reported two or less newborn care practices.
Kebele: it is the smallest administrative unit, similar to a ward, a neighborhood, or a localized and delimited group of people and a part of woreda (district).
5.5. Data Quality Management
Data quality was assured by using a pretested data collection tool, and training was given for data collectors and supervisors before actual data collection. Supervisors were engaged in continuous supervision and monitoring during data collection. Completeness and consistency of data were checked by supervisors, data clerks, and investigators before and during data entry.
5.6. Data Analysis
Collected data was checked for its completeness and then coded and entered into EpiData version 3.1, and entered data was exported to SPSS version 20 for analysis. Binary and multivariate logistic regressions were employed. Frequencies and proportions were computed. A significant association was determined by odds ratios with value < 0.05, at 95% confidence interval. Finally, the results were presented in the form of tables, figures, and charts as appropriate.
6. Results
A total of 422 mothers who had one-month infants were involved in the study, yielding a 100% response rate. The majority of respondents, 289 (68.5%), were between 25 and 34 years of age, 213 (50.5%) were housewives, 418 (99.1%) were married, 258 (61.1%) were protestant religion, 279 (66.1%) were Hadiya ethnicity, 378 (89.6%) had a formal education, and 46 (10.9%) had a high income (Table 1).
6.1. Health Care Service Utilization and Obstetric Information
From the participants, 303 (71.8%) had a home visit in the last one month and had health educations; 369 (87.4%) had knowledge on handwashing with soap and clean water before handling their neonate, 347 (82.2%) on keeping neonate dry and wrapping after delivery, 402 (95.3%) on breastfeeding immediately after birth within an hour, 383 (90.8%) on danger sign, 373 (88.4%) on immunization, and 361 (85.5%) on how to care for low-birth-weight baby by HEW.
The majority of participants, 351 (83.2%), had no history of neonatal death before this delivery, 411 (97.4%) had ANC follow-up when they were pregnant, and 405 (96.0%) had given birth at health facilities (Table 2).
6.2. Initiation of Breastfeeding, Cord Care, and Thermal Care Practice
From the total participants, 409 (96.9%) gave the first breast milk for their baby, 352 (85.4%) initiated breast milk within an hour after birth, 336 (79.6%) did not apply anything on the cord of the newborn baby, 214 (50.7%) took care of bleeding to keep the cord clean and safe, 144 (34.1%) kept the cord dry and clean to keep the cord clean and safe, and 64 (15.2%) took the newborn baby to a health facility in order to keep umbilical cord clean and safe.
More than half of the respondents, 215 (50.9%), had given the first bath for newborn baby within the first 24 hours of delivery, and 293 (69.4%) placed the newborn baby to skin-to-skin contact always until the baby becomes stable (Table 3).
6.3. Mothers’ Knowledge on Newborn Care and Danger Signs
Among the 422 study participants, 406 (96.2%) had known about care for their newborn, 331 (78.4%) applied nothing to the cord immediately after cutting up to 7 days except ordered medication, 294 (69.7%) handled umbilical cord after cutting without dressing, 327 (77.5%) bathed her newborn baby after 24 hours after delivery, 372 (88.2%) breastfed their baby within 1 hour after delivery, 368 (87.2%) believed feeding breast milk as the first food for a newborn baby after delivery, and 367 (87.0%) had knowledge about newborn danger sign (Table 4).
From the total of 422 participants, the mentioned danger signs of a newborn baby are as follows: 84.8% were poor sucking, 77% were fast breathing, 64% had hypothermia, 64.7% had fever, 46% had drowsiness (unconscious), and 66.1% had cord bleeding and infection (Figure 1).
In this study, the proportion of newborn care practices was 130 (30.8%) of the respondents in terms of the three composite practices, namely, 354 (83.9%) were early breastfeeding initiation, 139 (32.9%) were safe cord care, and 129 (30.6%) were thermal care (delay bathing) (Figure 2).
6.4. Factors That Associated with Newborn Care Practice
In this study, education of the mothers, mothers who had practice handwashing, and knowledge of mothers on newborn care practice were significantly associated with newborn care practice.
Hence, those who had primary, secondary, and college and above educational status had three times (, 95% CI: 1.027-7.637), three times (, 95% CI: 0.921-7.316), and four times (, 95% CI: 1.056-12.492) more likely to practice newborn care than mothers who had no formal education, respectively, mothers who had practice handwashing were three times more likely to practice newborn care than mothers who had not practice handwashing (, 95% CI: 1.092-5.963), and mothers who had good knowledge on newborn care practice were sixteen times more likely to practice newborn care than those who had poor knowledge (, 95% CI: 3.599-67.943) (Table 5).
7. Discussion
In this study, one-third of the participants had good newborn care practice based on three composite variables such as early breastfeeding initiation 83.9%, safe cord care 32.9%, and thermal care 30.6%.
Good newborn care practice was almost nearly similar to study done in Aksum Town, North Ethiopia (26.7%) [11], but this study was lower than the study done in Mandura District, Northwest Ethiopia (40.6%), Gulomekada District, Eastern Tigray (92.9%), Mekelle City, North Ethiopia (81.1%) [7, 12, 13], and Damot pulasa Woreda, southern Ethiopia (24%) [14], and the difference may be due to socioeconomic, access of awareness among the study participants, geographical variation, and health-seeking behavior across the different cultures or cultural beliefs.
Breastfeeding 83.9% which was higher than study done in Hoima District, western Uganda 31% dry cord care 60.5% [15], Mandura District, Northwest Ethiopia (48.1%) [7], tamale metropolis of Ghana 70.5% [16], Tharu, Chitwan district 52.5% [6] and lower than study done in Mekelle City, North Ethiopia 97.4% [13], Aksum Town, North Ethiopia 63.1% [11].
Safe cord care was 32.9% and similar to the study done in Hoima District, western Uganda (31%) [15], but lower than the study done in Tharu, Chitwan district (95%) [6], Aksum Town, North Ethiopia (42.8%) [11], and Mewat, Haryana, India (49%) [17].
Thermal care was 30.6% in this study and nearly similar to the study done in Aksum Town, North Ethiopia (32.6%) [11], but lower than the study done in Hoima District, western Uganda (67.2%) [15], Mandura District, Northwest Ethiopia (37.8%) [7], Mekelle City, North Ethiopia (66.9%) [13], and Tharu, Chitwan district (96.6%) [6], and this difference may be due to relatively an increased awareness about the harmful effect of traditional foreign substance application to the umbilical cord.
Knowledge of the mother on newborn care practice had a significant association with newborn care practice and similar to the study in Hoima District, western Uganda, Gulomekada District, Eastern Tigray, and Mekelle City, North Ethiopia [12, 13, 15].
Education of the mothers (primary, secondary, and college and above) also has a significant association with newborn care practice and was similar to the study done in Mandura District, Northwest Ethiopia, and Mekelle City, North Ethiopia [7, 13].
Mothers who had health education on hygiene (hand) had a significant association with newborn care practice in this study, but no study was similar to this result.
8. Conclusions
In this study, almost one-third of the mothers had good newborn care practice and it was very low when compared with other studies done in the country. Mothers’ educational status, mothers who had health education on hygiene, and knowledge of mothers on newborn care practice were independent predictors of newborn care practice.
9. Recommendations
Based on the findings of this study, we recommend the following:(i)Hadiya Zone Health Bureau: to work hard on the promotion of health facility delivery system and to increase the level of newborn care practice and involve health extension workers to apply home-to-home visit program to convince all childbearing women on the positive outcome of health facility delivery service to have good newborn care practice(ii)Health care providers: to provide ongoing education and counseling to mothers to give birth at a health facility to have good newborn care practice during ANC follow-up(iii)Health care planners: to provide health education during ANC and PNC regarding these predictors(iv)Future researcher: we suggest researchers to undertake repeatable studies in this area, and as this study lacks qualitative information that can underpin the quantitative study results, we recommend that the researcher have to do qualitative study design and other methods
10. Limitation of the Study
The cross-sectional nature of the study is impossible to establish a temporal relationship between newborn care practice and identified risk factors.
Abbreviations
| ANC: | Antenatal care |
| CSA: | Central Statistical Agency |
| EDHS: | Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey |
| ENBC: | Essential newborn care |
| HEW: | Health extension worker |
| ICF: | Infant and children feeding |
| IHRERC: | Institutional Health Research Ethics Review Committee |
| PNC: | Postnatal care |
| USAID: | United States Agency for International Development |
| VDCs: | Village Development Communities. |
Data Availability
The authors confirm that the data supporting the findings of this study are available within the article and its supplementary materials.
Ethical Approval
Ethical clearance letters were obtained from the Institutional Health Research and Ethics Review Committee (IHRERC) of Haramaya University College of Health and Medical Science, and the letter was submitted to the Hadiya zone for permission.
Consent
Participants were informed clearly, and their consent was obtained, their confidentiality was maintained by giving code, personal privacy and cultural norms were respected, and the respondent had the right not to participate in the study or withdraw from the study at any time.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that there is no competing interest.
Authors’ Contributions
The authors’ contribution to this study is conducting and preparing the manuscript.
Acknowledgments
First of all, we would like to thank Haramaya University College of Health Science and Medicine for providing this opportunity. Then, we would like to thank our study participants, data collectors, and supervisors.