Enhancing Weak-Signal Carrier Phase Tracking in GNSS Receivers

<div><svg height="8.90101pt" id="M195" style="vertical-align:-0.2129192pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.68809 27.7369 8.90101" width="27.7369pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M700 305H441V272C542 264 548 258 548 186V107C548 64 536 53 516 42C493 30 462 24 429 24C237 24 151 189 151 333C151 517 264 626 415 626C507 626 585 594 609 470L642 476C634 544 629 601 626 636C594 644 513 665 429 665C234 665 46 554 46 321C46 123 194 -15 415 -15C495 -15 578 7 642 22C635 50 635 81 635 116V201C635 259 639 264 700 272V305Z" id="g58-69"></path><glyph.data ascent="1007" descent="-369" horiz-adv-x="725" vert-adv-y="725"></glyph.data></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,9.425,0)"><path d="M731 650H485V618C556 614 580 601 585 558C588 530 592 485 592 390V153H589L173 650H22V618C69 614 92 606 112 582C131 558 132 555 132 483V266C132 175 129 128 125 96C120 49 95 36 36 33V0H281V33C212 36 188 50 183 98C180 129 177 175 177 266V510H179L603 -9H638V390C638 483 640 530 644 561C649 602 674 615 731 618V650Z" id="g58-76"></path><glyph.data ascent="1007" descent="-369" horiz-adv-x="754" vert-adv-y="754"></glyph.data></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,19.227,0)"><path d="M639 21C616 28 593 39 566 68C542 92 523 117 486 170C457 215 415 282 397 314C472 346 524 398 524 485C524 545 497 590 456 617C417 641 369 650 296 650H43V617C122 612 130 608 130 523V129C130 45 122 38 38 33V0H306V33C225 38 216 45 216 129V282H249C302 282 319 270 336 243C365 195 401 132 436 84C483 18 525 -5 597 -8C610 -9 622 -9 635 -9L639 21ZM216 319V559C216 586 219 596 227 603S250 613 281 613C356 613 429 576 429 469C429 416 413 379 374 348C349 327 316 319 265 319H216Z" id="g58-80"></path><glyph.data ascent="1007" descent="-369" horiz-adv-x="632" vert-adv-y="632"></glyph.data></g></svg> versus <svg height="11.8487pt" id="M196" style="vertical-align:-3.160609pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.68809 28.6095 11.8487" width="28.6095pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M416 501L399 642C356 655 314 665 271 665C140 665 63 582 63 486C63 372 163 325 229 290C304 250 359 217 359 142C359 70 316 25 240 25C138 25 94 125 78 186L44 178C52 123 64 45 72 21C81 16 96 8 121 0S179 -15 220 -15C353 -15 445 68 445 176C445 289 350 335 270 375C191 414 143 449 143 520C143 572 177 627 253 627C340 627 366 556 382 495L416 501Z" id="g58-81"></path><glyph.data ascent="1007" descent="-369" horiz-adv-x="484" vert-adv-y="484"></glyph.data></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,6.148,0)"><path d="M731 650H485V618C556 614 580 601 585 558C588 530 592 485 592 390V153H589L173 650H22V618C69 614 92 606 112 582C131 558 132 555 132 483V266C132 175 129 128 125 96C120 49 95 36 36 33V0H281V33C212 36 188 50 183 98C180 129 177 175 177 266V510H179L603 -9H638V390C638 483 640 530 644 561C649 602 674 615 731 618V650Z" id="g58-76"></path><glyph.data ascent="1007" descent="-369" horiz-adv-x="754" vert-adv-y="754"></glyph.data></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,15.95,0)"><path d="M639 21C616 28 593 39 566 68C542 92 523 117 486 170C457 215 415 282 397 314C472 346 524 398 524 485C524 545 497 590 456 617C417 641 369 650 296 650H43V617C122 612 130 608 130 523V129C130 45 122 38 38 33V0H306V33C225 38 216 45 216 129V282H249C302 282 319 270 336 243C365 195 401 132 436 84C483 18 525 -5 597 -8C610 -9 622 -9 635 -9L639 21ZM216 319V559C216 586 219 596 227 603S250 613 281 613C356 613 429 576 429 469C429 416 413 379 374 348C349 327 316 319 265 319H216Z" id="g58-80"></path><glyph.data ascent="1007" descent="-369" horiz-adv-x="632" vert-adv-y="632"></glyph.data></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,24.166,3.001)"><path d="M387 400C387 425 348 451 303 451C247 451 176 414 132 376C69 322 24 228 24 148C24 43 74 -12 147 -12C211 -12 301 33 363 103L346 128C319 99 249 51 193 51C148 51 112 84 112 165C112 230 130 287 154 330C170 359 199 400 243 400C277 400 304 383 326 354C333 345 343 343 354 348C378 360 387 382 387 400Z" id="g50-100"></path><glyph.data ascent="3443" descent="-2856" horiz-adv-x="411" vert-adv-y="411"></glyph.data></g></svg> for the four-quadrant arctangent discriminator, the arctangent discriminator, decision-directed discriminator, and the quadrature discriminator.</div>

International Journal of Navigation and Observation

Enhancing Weak-Signal Carrier Phase Tracking in GNSS Receivers

Figure 4