International Journal of Nephrology / 2023 / Article / Tab 1 / Review Article
The Impact of Hot Ambient Temperature and Prolonged Fasting Duration during Ramadan on Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Literature Review Table 1 Methods of studies on impact of Ramadan fasting on subjects with or without chronic kidney disease.
Reference Type of study Number of centers Nonfasting controls (Y/N) Sex (M/F) Average age (years) Dates (summer: 5/15–9/15) Fasting duration (hours) Minimum-maximum daily ambient temperature (°C) Statistical analysis provided (Y/N) [34 ] Retrospective M N 69/31 60 9/7–7/8/2013 17 15–35 Y 29/6–27/7/2014 [35 ] Retrospective S Y 51.5/48.5 49.7 6/6−5/7/2016 15 28–43 Y 55.5/44.5 50.4 27/5–24/6/2017 [36 ] Prospective S N 42/58 45.6 11/8–8/9/2010 15 15–40 Y [37 ] Prospective S N 47/53 75 29/6–27/7/2014 17 15–35 Y [38 ] Prospective S N 61/39 53.1 18/6–17/7/2015 15 25–45 Y [39 ] Prospective S N 50/50 39 NR NR NR Y [40 ] Prospective S N 40/60 53 16/11–15/12/2001 12 10–25 Y 100/0 48.3 [41 ] Prospective S N 61/39 54 4/10–3/11/2005 13 20–30 Y [42 ] Prospective S N 57/43 44 August/2011 14 22–38 Y July–August/2012 [43 ] Prospective S Y 17/83 45.6 18/6–17/7/2015 17 17–33 Y 42/58 47.9 [44 ] Prospective S Y 60/40 58.4 22/8–19/9/2009 11/8–8/9/2009 1/8–30/8/2009 15 25–40 Y 50/50 60.9 [45 ] Prospective S Y 70/30 66.8 18/6–17/7/2015 17.5 18–30 Y 51/49 64.1 [46 ] Prospective S Y 54/46 68 7/6–5/7/2016 17 15–40 Y 47/53 69 [47 ] Prospective S Y 51.5/48.5 58.7 16/5–14/6/2018 17 5–30 Y 49.3/50.7 60.1 [48 ] Prospective S Y 64/36 65.4 6/5–3/6/2019 16.5 10–25 Y 62.5/37.5 61.2 [49 ] Prospective S N 56/44 60.5 6/6–5/7/2016 15 30–45 Y [50 ] Prospective S N 40/60 61.9 16/5–14/6/2018 16 18–35 Y [51 ] Prospective S N 36/64 46 6/5–3/6/2019 14.5 25–45 N [52 ] Prospective S N 80/20 48.7 6/6–5/7/2016 16 25–40 Y 33/67 49.7 67/33 49 [53 ] Prospective S N 38/62 55.1 6/6–5/7/2016 16 25–40 Y 55.3 47.7 [54 ] Prospective S N 54/46 49.9 27/5–24/6/2017 13 24–32 Y 55/45 54.7 [55 ] Prospective S N 47/53 53.1 6/5–3/6/2019 14.5 25–40 Y [56 ] Prospective S N 21/79 57.2 6/5–3/6-2019 15.5 14–43 Y [57 ] Prospective S N 30/70 50 11/8–8/9/2010 15 25–42 Y [58 ] Prospective S N 23/77 52.1 11/8–9/9/2010 14 23–32 Y
M, multicenter; S, single center; Y/N, yes/no; M/F, male/female; NR, not reported.
Dates for the summer months and the corresponding average temperature and average durations are for the northern hemisphere.