Prevalence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profile of Salmonella from Poultry Farms and In-Contact Humans and Associated Risk Factors in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Table 3
Association of farm-level factors with the presence of Salmonella in poultry farms in Addis Ababa.
Characteristics
Categories
No. of farms tested
No. (%) of positive farms
Chi-square
value
Flock size of chickens
Large (≥500)
24
14 (58.3)
8.678
0.005
Small (<500)
34
7 (20.6)
Poultry farm’s waste disposal practices
On-farm waste disposal
25
15 (60.0)
10.769
0.002
Off-farm waste disposal
33
6 (18.2)
Source of chicken
Different multiplication centers
21
12 (57.1)
6.247
0.022
A single multiplication center
37
9 (24.3)
Chicken housing system
Floor system
26
12 (42.9)
1.037
0.414
Cage system
32
9 (30.0)
Use of disinfectant
No
20
14 (70.0)
15.093
0.001
Yes
38
7 (18.4)
Age of chickens
<6 months
28
2 (42.9)
1.086
0.581
6–12 months
26
8 (30.8)
>12 months
4
1 (25.0)
Type of commodity
Layers
51
19 (37.3)
0.201
<0.001
Broilers
7
2 (28.6)
Wash hands after use of the toilet
No
12
6 (50.0)
1.246
0.320
Yes
46
15 (32.6)
Chicken excreta mixed with poultry feed
No
46
13 (28.3)
6.078
0.020
Yes
12
8 (66.7)
Presence of rodents in a farm
No
5
2 (40.0)
0.034
1.000
Yes
53
9 (17.0)
Use of protective gloves when handling chickens and eggs
