Association of Elevated Serum GM-CSF, IFN-γ, IL-4, and TNF-α Concentration with Tobacco Smoke Induced Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in a South Indian Population

Table 1

Demographics of the study cohort constituting tobacco smokers with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (TS COPD) and tobacco smokers without COPD (TS CONTROL). Values are presented as ^#median (25th–75th percentile) and ^∧ frequency (percentage). ^§Only 3 subjects in the TS COPD group quitted smoking 3, 8, and 10 years ago; p<0.05 is considered as significant.

	TS COPD	TS CONTROL	p value
Number of subjects	30	20	-
Gender	Male	Male	-
	61 (53.0, 68.0)	58 (49.0, 59.25)	0.207
CCI [39]	3 (2, 4)	1 (0.5, 2)	<0.0001
(L)	1.30 (0.91, 1.77)	2.77 (2.1, 3.11)	0.0001
(L)	1.44 (0.96, 1.84)	2.83 (2.16, 3.24 )	0.0001
(L)	2.15 (1.67, 2.83)	3.30 (2.59, 4.14)	0.0022
(L)	2.24 (1.49, 1.81)	3.45 (2.44, 3.92)	0.0022
FEV1 % predicted (Pre)^#	43 (36.0, 59.0)	96 (88.25, 107.25)	<0.0001
FEV1 % predicted (Post)^#	48 (40.25, 61.0)	102 (94.25, 108.25)	<0.0001
FEV1/FVC^#	0.63 (0.59, 0.68)	0.80 (0.78, 0.88)	<0.0001
Pack-years^#	19.1 (13.94, 28.61)	20.9 (18.2, 24.6)	0.751
Ex-smokers ^∧§	3 (10%)	0 (0%)	-
Symptom Years^#	5 (3, 7)	-	-
SLI^#	19.5 (17, 22)	19 (16, 22)	0.67
Indoor Animals^∧	17 (56%)	14 (70%)	0.34
House with mud walls^∧	19 (63.3)	12 (60%)	0.81
Owns Land^∧	15 (50%)	12 (60%)	0.49
Owns Vehicle^∧	10 (66.7%)	5 (33.3%)	0.53
Farmer^∧	11 (36.7%)	5 (25%)	0.48
Manual labour^∧	15 (50%)	14 (70%)	0.48
Literate^∧	22 (73.3%)	15 (75%)	0.51

CCI: Charlson comorbidity index; : forced expiratory volume 1 second prebronchodilator challenge; : FEV₁ postbronchodilator challenge; FVC: forced vital capacity; SLI: standard of living index; TS COPD: tobacco smokers with COPD; TS CONTROL: tobacco smokers without COPD.