Prevalence and Associated Factors of Hypertension: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study in Municipalities of Kathmandu, Nepal
Table 3
Association of behavioral, metabolic, and other factors with hypertension.
Variables
Categories
Hypertension
Total
value
Yes
No
(%) or mean ± SD or median (IQR)
(%) or mean ± SD or median (IQR)
or mean ± SD or median (IQR)
Smoking (current)
Yes
587
50 (42.7)
67 (57.3)
117
0.009
No
141 (30.0)
329 (70.0)
470
Smoking (past)
Yes
470
36 (45.0)
44 (55.0)
80
0.001
No
105 (26.9)
285 (73.1)
390
Smoking duration among current smoker (years)
—
114
25 (24)
13.5 (20)
20 (26)
0.012
Alcohol consumption (current)
Yes
587
62 (39.2)
96 (60.8)
158
0.035
No
129 (30.1)
300 (69.9)
429
Average standard alcohol intake in single sitting
—
156
4 (6)
2 (3)
3 (4)
<0.001
Sufficient fruit and vegetable consumption
Yes
587
24 (35.8)
43 (64.2)
67
0.542
No
167 (32.1)
353 (67.9)
520
Sufficient physical activity
Yes
587
140 (30.4)
320 (69.6)
460
0.038
No
51 (40.2)
76 (59.8)
127
BMI (kg/m2)
—
587
26.2 ± 4.5
24.1 ± 4.1
24.8 ± 4.4
<0.001
Waist circumference (cm)
—
587
84 ± 11.8
78 ± 10.1
83.9 ± 11
<0.001
Hip circumference (cm)
—
587
90.5 ± 9.9
88.1 ± 8.9
90.9 ± 9.3
0.004
Diabetes mellitus
Yes
587
34 (54.0)
29 (46.0)
63
<0.001
No
157 (30.0)
367 (70.0)
524
Menopause
Yes
281
41 (21.4)
151 (78.6)
192
<0.001
No
43 (48.3)
46 (51.7)
89
CVD family history
Yes
562
37 (52.1)
34 (47.9)
71
<0.001
No
144 (29.3)
347 (70.7)
491
Mann-Whitney test was used to compare nonnormally distributed data. Note: sufficient fruit and vegetable consumption, intake of ≥400 gm of fruit and vegetable per day; sufficient physical activity, ≥600 METs of moderate and vigorous activity in a week; one standard drink, 10 grams of ethanol. BMI, body mass index; CVD, cardiovascular disease.
