Review Article

Insulin Resistance, Obesity, Hypertension, and Renal Sodium Transport

Figure 1

The main sodium transporters and regulators in the proximal tubule and distal and connecting/collecting tubules. In the proximal tubule, insulin and Ang II stimulate NHE3 at the luminal side, NBCe1, and Na-K-ATPase at the basolateral side. In the distal and connecting/collecting tubules, insulin stimulates ENaC and NCC in the luminal side, Na-K-ATPase at the basolateral side. Insulin may also indirectly stimulate NCC via WNK kinases.
391762.fig.001