New Insights into the Pathogenesis of Alcohol-Induced ER Stress and Liver Diseases

Table 1

Alcohol-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress (AERR) and injuries occur in many species.

Experimental system	Cause	Injury	Remark	Reference
Chronic intragastric infusion
Mouse	Hyperhomocysteinemia	Necroinflammation	Mouse strain difference	[11–13]
	Methionine deficiency	Apoptosis	Rat and mouse difference	[14–18]
	Acetaldehyde adducts	Fatty liver	Synergy with obesity	[19]
Rat	High SAH	Fibrosis		[20]
	Low SAM/SAH
	Epigenetic alterations
Chronic oral feeding
Micropig	Folate deficiency	Steatosis		[21]
Mouse	Chaperone deficiency	Apoptosis	Interaction of alcohol with	[22]
	Synergy with HFD/drugs	Fibrosis	anti-HIV/HCV drugs	[23]
	Excess iron	Cirrhosis	Involvement of autophagy	[24, 25]
	Oxidative stress		Oxidative stress precedes AERR	[26, 27]
Acute alcohol exposure
Liver perfusion	Acetaldehyde, ROS	Fat accumulation	Role of alcohol metabolites in AERR	[28]
Mouse gavage	Synergy with drugs	Apoptosis		[22]
	Ca^2+ homeostasis	Fibrosis	AERR parallels LPS-TLR4	[29, 30]
	Inflammation		Suppressed UPR	[31]
Zebrafish	CDIPT deficiency	Hepatomegaly		[32–34]
Nematode	Not known	Not characterized	No AERR without the liver	[35]
Alcohol treated cells
Human cells	ROS	Apoptosis	Basal ER stress in HepG2	[36–38]
	Excessive homocysteine	Steatosis
Patient liver biopsies
Human alcoholics	Toxic lipid species	Apoptosis	Clinical relevance	[39–42]
	Oxidative stress	Steatohepatitis	Role of mitochondrial
	Insulin resistance	Fibrosis/cirrhosis	Dysfunctions in AERR