The Association between Female Genital Cutting and Spousal HCV Infection in Egypt
Table 1
HCV seroprevalence and age-adjusted odds ratios for selected characteristics (Egyptian DHS 2008).
Risk factors
Number of exposed (%)a
Number of HCV antibody positive (%)b
Age-adjusted OR (95% CI)
value (age-adjusted)
Place of residence
Rural
3234 (37.6)
661 (20.4)
2.4 (1.9–3.0)
<0.001
Urban
1948 (62.4)
233 (12.0)
1
Region
Urban governorates
610 (11.8)
76 (12.6)
1
Lower Egypt—urban
554 (10.7)
69 (12.3)
1.0 (0.7–1.5)
0.994
Lower Egypt—rural
1608 (31.0)
364 (22.9)
2.7 (1.9–3.8)
<0.001
Upper Egypt—urban
600 (11.6)
79 (13.5)
1.1 (0.7–1.7)
0.778
Upper Egypt—rural
1524 (29.4)
294 (20.1)
2.1 (1.5–3.0)
<0.001
Frontier governorates
286 (5.5)
12 (4.5)
0.3 (0.2–0.6)
0.001
Gender
Women
2591 (50)
300 (12.1)
0.7 (0.6–0.9)
<0.001
Men
2591 (50)
594 (23.7)
1
Men’s age (years)
15–20
9 (0.4)
0 (0)
21–30
524 (20.2)
50 (9.5)
1
31–40
877 (33.9)
117 (13.3)
1.5 (1.0–2.1)
0.034
41–49
827 (31.9)
268 (32.4)
4.5 (3.3–6.3)
0.000
50–59
354 (13.7)
159 (44.9)
7.7 (5.4–11.1)
0.000
Women’s age (years)
15–20
154 (5.9)
5 (3.3)
1
21–30
1018 (39.3)
60 (5.9)
1.8 (0.7–4.7)
0.188
31–40
860 (33.2)
104 (12.1)
4.1 (1.6–10.2)
0.002
41–49
559 (21.6)
131 (23.4)
9.1 (3.6–22.7)
0.000
Educational attainment
Secondary completed
2424 (46.8)
282 (14.3)
0.7 (0.6–0.9)
0.001
Incomplete secondary or less
1473 (28.4)
282 (19.9)
0.9 (0.7–1.1)
0.219
No education
1285 (24.8)
330 (23.5)
1
Wealth index quintile
Richest
1010 (19.5)
118 (12.1)
0.4 (0.3–0.5)
<0.001
Rich
942 (18.2)
112 (12.9)
0.5 (0.4–0.7)
<0.001
Middle
1128 (21.7)
225 (21.2)
0.9 (0.7–1.2)
0.413
Poor
1056 (20.4)
220 (22.0)
0.9 (0.7–1.2)
0.600
Poorest
1046 (20.2)
219 (22.8)
1
Parenteral antischistosomiasis therapy
No
4582 (88.4)
707 (16.5)
1
Yes
600 (11.6)
187 (32.1)
1.7 (1.4–2.2)
<0.001
Women: reports FGCc
No
132 (5.1)
4 (3.9)
1
Yes
2459 (94.9)
296 (12.5)
2.9 (0.8–10.1)
0.096
Men: his wife reports FGCd
No
132 (5.1)
11 (8.3)
1
Yes
2459 (94.9)
583 (23.7)
3.1 (1.5–6.6)
0.003
FGC performed byg
Doctor
386 (15.7)
21 (5.6)
1
Nondoctor
2073 (84.3)
275 (13.7)
1.4 (1.1–1.7)
0.003
Blood transfusion
No
4931 (95.3)
832 (17.8)
1
Yes
244 (4.7)
60 (26.9)
1.3 (0.9–1.8)
0.132
Multiple injectionse
No
4301 (83.0)
751 (18.4)
1
Yes
881 (17.0)
143 (17.1)
0.9 (0.7–1.1)
0.312
Dental treatmente
No
1829 (35.3)
270 (15.3)
1
Yes
3353 (64.7)
624 (19.6)
1.1 (0.8–1.2)
0.609
Total number of childrenh
0–2
1098 (42.4)
73 (6.9)
1
3–5
1162 (44.9)
154 (14.1)
1.2 (1.0–1.6)
0.427
≥6
331 (12.8)
73 (24.5)
2.1 (1.0–2.5)
0.035
Partner is seropositive for HCV
No
4288 (82.8)
608 (15.1)
1
Yes
894 (17.3)
286 (32.6)
2.1 (1.6–2.7)
<0.001
Partner is HCV RNA positive
No
4569 (88.2)
686 (15.9)
1
Yes
613 (11.8)
208 (34.7)
2.3 (1.7–2.9)
<0.001
Wife is HCV RNA positive
No
2291 (88.4)
451 (20.4)
1
Yes
300 (11.6)
143 (47.4)
2.6 (2.0–3.4)
<0.001
Husband is HCV RNA positive
No
1997 (77.0)
157 (8.3)
1
Yes
594 (22.9)
143 (24.3)
2.5 (1.9–3.3)
<0.001
Another household member is seropositive for HCV
No
4760 (91.9)
798 (17.7)
1
Yes
422 (8.1)
96 (23.3)
1.6 (1.2–2.1)
0.004
Another household member is HCV RNA positive
No
4896 (94.5)
834 (17.9)
1
Yes
286 (5.5)
60 (23.0)
1.5 (1.1–2.1)
0.015
Length of marriage
0–10 years
2430 (46.9)
258 (8.2)
1
11–20 years
1574 (30.4)
339 (17.6)
1.2 (1.0–1.5)
0.051
>20 years
1178 (22.7)
461 (29.8)
1.4 (1.1–1.8)
0.016
FGC: female genital cutting. Unweighted percentage. Weighted percentage. Numbers for this row are for women only. Numbers for this row are for men only. Defined as 2 or more injections reported in the preceding 6 months. Ever received dental treatment of any sort. Of all women who report undergoing FGC The total number of children that women report giving birth to.
